HUBS 191 Terminology Exam Questions and Answers Fully Solved Latest Version 2025-2026
Anterior - Answers Towards the front
Posterior - Answers Towards the back
Superior - Answers Closer to the head
Inferior - Answers closer to the feet
Medial - Answers towards the mid-point
Lateral - Answers further from the mid point
proximal - Answers closer to the trunk joint
distal - Answers further from the trunk joint
deep - Answers further from the surface
superficial - Answers closer to the surface
Coronal - Answers front back divison
Sagittal - Answers side to side division
Transverse - Answers top and bottom division
Flexion - Answers fleshy parts of limb brought closer together
Extension - Answers increases angle between fleshy parts of limb
Dorsiflexion - Answers toes brought up towards face
plantarflexion - Answers toes pointing towards ground
Abduction - Answers movement at joint moves limb away from midline
Adduction - Answers movement at joint moves limb towards midline
Inversion - Answers sole of foot faces towards midline
Eversion - Answers sole of foot turns away from midline
Circumduction - Answers Combination of four movement - no rotation
Pronation - Answers palm faces posterior
, supination - Answers palm faces anterior and forearm bones parallel
plane joint - Answers multiaxial, sliding and gliding. flat articular surfaces. rubbing hands
together/ forwards/ up and down/ side to side
hinge joint - Answers uniaxial. flexion and extension. elbow - hinge like a door
pivot joint - Answers uniaxial. rotation. shaking head
condylar joint - Answers biaxial. flexion, extension. rotation (when flexed) - can rotate tibia when
knee is bent/ flexed - cannot do this when knee is extended.
ellipsoid joint - Answers biaxial. flexion, extension, abduction, adduction - circumduction. NO
rotation. wrist joint.
saddle joint - Answers biaxial. flexion, extension, abduction, adduction - circumduction.
obligatory rotation - fully opposable. base of thumb
ball and socket joint - Answers multiaxial - flexion and extension - abduction and adduction -
circumduction - rotation - shoulder.
extracellular components - Answers 33% organic, springy collagen protein fibers to resist
tension. 67% inorganic, mineral component makes it hard and resistant.
osteogenic cells - Answers form osteoblasts
osteoblasts - Answers MAKERS - produce new bone from matrix
osteocytes - Answers MAINTAINERS - recycle protein and minerals from matrix
osteoclasts - Answers DESTROYERS - remove bone matrix
compact bone tissue - Answers Osteon structure. Dense, impenetrable. Foramina for blood
supply for cells to function. made up of circumferential lamellae and osteons.
cancellous bone tissue - Answers Trabecular structure. Marrow fills cavities between trabeculae.
Osteocytes housed in lacuna in between lamellae. Trabeculae structure resists force, directs
force downwards then spreads force distally.
Osteon - Answers unit within bone provides pathway through the ECM.
bone growth in width - Answers osteoblasts produce circumferential lamellae, osteoclasts
mould bone shape and form medullary cavity.
Endochondral ossification - Answers process of turning cartilage into bone
primary ossification centre - Answers Diaphsis (shaft)
Anterior - Answers Towards the front
Posterior - Answers Towards the back
Superior - Answers Closer to the head
Inferior - Answers closer to the feet
Medial - Answers towards the mid-point
Lateral - Answers further from the mid point
proximal - Answers closer to the trunk joint
distal - Answers further from the trunk joint
deep - Answers further from the surface
superficial - Answers closer to the surface
Coronal - Answers front back divison
Sagittal - Answers side to side division
Transverse - Answers top and bottom division
Flexion - Answers fleshy parts of limb brought closer together
Extension - Answers increases angle between fleshy parts of limb
Dorsiflexion - Answers toes brought up towards face
plantarflexion - Answers toes pointing towards ground
Abduction - Answers movement at joint moves limb away from midline
Adduction - Answers movement at joint moves limb towards midline
Inversion - Answers sole of foot faces towards midline
Eversion - Answers sole of foot turns away from midline
Circumduction - Answers Combination of four movement - no rotation
Pronation - Answers palm faces posterior
, supination - Answers palm faces anterior and forearm bones parallel
plane joint - Answers multiaxial, sliding and gliding. flat articular surfaces. rubbing hands
together/ forwards/ up and down/ side to side
hinge joint - Answers uniaxial. flexion and extension. elbow - hinge like a door
pivot joint - Answers uniaxial. rotation. shaking head
condylar joint - Answers biaxial. flexion, extension. rotation (when flexed) - can rotate tibia when
knee is bent/ flexed - cannot do this when knee is extended.
ellipsoid joint - Answers biaxial. flexion, extension, abduction, adduction - circumduction. NO
rotation. wrist joint.
saddle joint - Answers biaxial. flexion, extension, abduction, adduction - circumduction.
obligatory rotation - fully opposable. base of thumb
ball and socket joint - Answers multiaxial - flexion and extension - abduction and adduction -
circumduction - rotation - shoulder.
extracellular components - Answers 33% organic, springy collagen protein fibers to resist
tension. 67% inorganic, mineral component makes it hard and resistant.
osteogenic cells - Answers form osteoblasts
osteoblasts - Answers MAKERS - produce new bone from matrix
osteocytes - Answers MAINTAINERS - recycle protein and minerals from matrix
osteoclasts - Answers DESTROYERS - remove bone matrix
compact bone tissue - Answers Osteon structure. Dense, impenetrable. Foramina for blood
supply for cells to function. made up of circumferential lamellae and osteons.
cancellous bone tissue - Answers Trabecular structure. Marrow fills cavities between trabeculae.
Osteocytes housed in lacuna in between lamellae. Trabeculae structure resists force, directs
force downwards then spreads force distally.
Osteon - Answers unit within bone provides pathway through the ECM.
bone growth in width - Answers osteoblasts produce circumferential lamellae, osteoclasts
mould bone shape and form medullary cavity.
Endochondral ossification - Answers process of turning cartilage into bone
primary ossification centre - Answers Diaphsis (shaft)
