BCHM 4360 EXAM 1 CHAPTER 4 (ACTUAL EXAM 2025) | ALL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
| VERIFIED ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | NEWEST EXAM (JUST RELEASED)
Genetic information is packaged into at least one very long DNA molecule -- a __________. -
(ANSWER)chromosome
Each chromosome contains ___ double-stranded DNA molecule - (ANSWER)one
Each chromosome has many _____ and other regions of DNA within a single molecule. Regions between
genes are __________. - (ANSWER)genes, intergenic
Eukaryotes have ______ chromosomes, most bacteria and archaea have ________ chromosomes. -
(ANSWER)linear, circular
____ complex organisms tend to have more _______ arranged genes. Example is _____. - (ANSWER)less,
densely, yeast
Humans have __ chromosomes while the kingfisher has ___ and fission yeast have _. - (ANSWER)46,
132, 6
Ploidy refers to - (ANSWER)how many sets of identical chromosomes an organism has
What is ploidy of humans and human sex cells? - (ANSWER)diploid, haploid
Each individual chromosome is __________ between the mother and the father. -
(ANSWER)homologous
_________ cells have multiple sets of chromosomes and are common in some plants. However, some
human cells such as _____ cells are also _________. - (ANSWER)Polyploid, liver, polyploid
Eukaryotic cells can have __________ DNA to the chromosomal DNA found in the _______. -
(ANSWER)additional, nucleus
,BCHM 4360 EXAM 1 CHAPTER 4 (ACTUAL EXAM 2025) | ALL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
| VERIFIED ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | NEWEST EXAM (JUST RELEASED)
____________ have their own, usually ________, chromosomes. - (ANSWER)Mitochondria, circular
____________ also have their own chromosomes. - (ANSWER)Chloroplasts
____________ and ____________ are thought to have derived from ancestral free-living bacteria that
were absorbed and maintained by other single-celled organisms. - (ANSWER)Mitochondria, chloroplasts
Bacterial cells often have additional DNA within their cells -- small circular molecules known as
________. - (ANSWER)plasmids
Viruses are infectious agents and carry genetic information as small ___ or ___ chromosomes. These
chromosomes can be ______ or _______, and ______ or ______ stranded. - (ANSWER)DNA, RNA, linear,
circular, double, single
Chromosomes must be ______ and ___________ to the next generation of cells faithfully. -
(ANSWER)copied, transferred
Cells must copy DNA and separate the chromosomes ______ they can divide. - (ANSWER)before
In somatic cells, the sequence of events of cell division is called what? - (ANSWER)the cell cycle
The chromosome cycle is ___________ with the cell cycle. - (ANSWER)coordinated
What are the four main phases to the cell cycle? - (ANSWER)G1, S, G2, M
Describe what happens in G1. - (ANSWER)Cells grow to a minimum size required for the next stage
,BCHM 4360 EXAM 1 CHAPTER 4 (ACTUAL EXAM 2025) | ALL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
| VERIFIED ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | NEWEST EXAM (JUST RELEASED)
Describe what happens in S. - (ANSWER)DNA is copied, duplicating the chromosomes. The two sister
chromatids remain associated with one another.
Describe what happens in G2. - (ANSWER)The cell prepares for mitosis
Describe what happens in M. - (ANSWER)Sister chromatids are separated and a full set of chromosomes
is moved to each pole of the cell.
On entry to which cell cycle phase does the nuclear envelope break down? - (ANSWER)M
In condensed chromosomes, DNA appears as large _____ anchored near the middle of the chromosome.
- (ANSWER)loops
Chromosomes consist of ___ plus __________ proteins that help condense the DNA into a smaller space
and _______ the genome. - (ANSWER)DNA, packaging, protect
The DNA-protein complex that makes up chromosomes is called _________. - (ANSWER)chromatin
What occurs in the first packing stage of the chromatin? - (ANSWER)Small positively-charged proteins
bind to counteract the negative charges on DNA backbone
In bacteria, the first packing stage of chromatin _____ the DNA forming the _________, and the bending
induces ____________. - (ANSWER)bends, nucleoid, supercoiling
In eukaryotes, the basic binding proteins are called ________. - (ANSWER)histones
How many core histones are there and what are they called? - (ANSWER)4, H2A, H2B, H3, H4
, BCHM 4360 EXAM 1 CHAPTER 4 (ACTUAL EXAM 2025) | ALL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
| VERIFIED ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | NEWEST EXAM (JUST RELEASED)
Which two amino acids are histones rich in and why? - (ANSWER)lysine and arginine due to positive
charges
DNA wraps around a histone complex in a ____-handed manner to form a __________. - (ANSWER)left,
nucleosome
Which two histone dimers associate with DNA first? - (ANSWER)H3, H4
Which two histone dimers associate last to form the octamer? - (ANSWER)H2A, H2B
About how many base pairs of DNA wrap around the histone octamer to form the nucleosome? -
(ANSWER)146
Removing the histone octamer leaves what kind of supercoiled DNA? - (ANSWER)negative
Each core histone has a(n) _-terminal tail that extends outward between the DNA and coils. -
(ANSWER)N
The histone tails are up to __ amino acids long and have an _________ structure. - (ANSWER)25,
undefined
Why do the histone tails interact with other nucleosomes? - (ANSWER)to help compact DNA further
What are the five mutant variations of histone H2A? - (ANSWER)H2A.X, H2A.Z, MacroH2A1, MacroH2A2,
H2A-Bbd
What is the proposed function for H2A.X? - (ANSWER)DNA damage signaling
What is the proposed function for H2A.Z? - (ANSWER)transcriptional silencing
| VERIFIED ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | NEWEST EXAM (JUST RELEASED)
Genetic information is packaged into at least one very long DNA molecule -- a __________. -
(ANSWER)chromosome
Each chromosome contains ___ double-stranded DNA molecule - (ANSWER)one
Each chromosome has many _____ and other regions of DNA within a single molecule. Regions between
genes are __________. - (ANSWER)genes, intergenic
Eukaryotes have ______ chromosomes, most bacteria and archaea have ________ chromosomes. -
(ANSWER)linear, circular
____ complex organisms tend to have more _______ arranged genes. Example is _____. - (ANSWER)less,
densely, yeast
Humans have __ chromosomes while the kingfisher has ___ and fission yeast have _. - (ANSWER)46,
132, 6
Ploidy refers to - (ANSWER)how many sets of identical chromosomes an organism has
What is ploidy of humans and human sex cells? - (ANSWER)diploid, haploid
Each individual chromosome is __________ between the mother and the father. -
(ANSWER)homologous
_________ cells have multiple sets of chromosomes and are common in some plants. However, some
human cells such as _____ cells are also _________. - (ANSWER)Polyploid, liver, polyploid
Eukaryotic cells can have __________ DNA to the chromosomal DNA found in the _______. -
(ANSWER)additional, nucleus
,BCHM 4360 EXAM 1 CHAPTER 4 (ACTUAL EXAM 2025) | ALL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
| VERIFIED ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | NEWEST EXAM (JUST RELEASED)
____________ have their own, usually ________, chromosomes. - (ANSWER)Mitochondria, circular
____________ also have their own chromosomes. - (ANSWER)Chloroplasts
____________ and ____________ are thought to have derived from ancestral free-living bacteria that
were absorbed and maintained by other single-celled organisms. - (ANSWER)Mitochondria, chloroplasts
Bacterial cells often have additional DNA within their cells -- small circular molecules known as
________. - (ANSWER)plasmids
Viruses are infectious agents and carry genetic information as small ___ or ___ chromosomes. These
chromosomes can be ______ or _______, and ______ or ______ stranded. - (ANSWER)DNA, RNA, linear,
circular, double, single
Chromosomes must be ______ and ___________ to the next generation of cells faithfully. -
(ANSWER)copied, transferred
Cells must copy DNA and separate the chromosomes ______ they can divide. - (ANSWER)before
In somatic cells, the sequence of events of cell division is called what? - (ANSWER)the cell cycle
The chromosome cycle is ___________ with the cell cycle. - (ANSWER)coordinated
What are the four main phases to the cell cycle? - (ANSWER)G1, S, G2, M
Describe what happens in G1. - (ANSWER)Cells grow to a minimum size required for the next stage
,BCHM 4360 EXAM 1 CHAPTER 4 (ACTUAL EXAM 2025) | ALL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
| VERIFIED ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | NEWEST EXAM (JUST RELEASED)
Describe what happens in S. - (ANSWER)DNA is copied, duplicating the chromosomes. The two sister
chromatids remain associated with one another.
Describe what happens in G2. - (ANSWER)The cell prepares for mitosis
Describe what happens in M. - (ANSWER)Sister chromatids are separated and a full set of chromosomes
is moved to each pole of the cell.
On entry to which cell cycle phase does the nuclear envelope break down? - (ANSWER)M
In condensed chromosomes, DNA appears as large _____ anchored near the middle of the chromosome.
- (ANSWER)loops
Chromosomes consist of ___ plus __________ proteins that help condense the DNA into a smaller space
and _______ the genome. - (ANSWER)DNA, packaging, protect
The DNA-protein complex that makes up chromosomes is called _________. - (ANSWER)chromatin
What occurs in the first packing stage of the chromatin? - (ANSWER)Small positively-charged proteins
bind to counteract the negative charges on DNA backbone
In bacteria, the first packing stage of chromatin _____ the DNA forming the _________, and the bending
induces ____________. - (ANSWER)bends, nucleoid, supercoiling
In eukaryotes, the basic binding proteins are called ________. - (ANSWER)histones
How many core histones are there and what are they called? - (ANSWER)4, H2A, H2B, H3, H4
, BCHM 4360 EXAM 1 CHAPTER 4 (ACTUAL EXAM 2025) | ALL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
| VERIFIED ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | NEWEST EXAM (JUST RELEASED)
Which two amino acids are histones rich in and why? - (ANSWER)lysine and arginine due to positive
charges
DNA wraps around a histone complex in a ____-handed manner to form a __________. - (ANSWER)left,
nucleosome
Which two histone dimers associate with DNA first? - (ANSWER)H3, H4
Which two histone dimers associate last to form the octamer? - (ANSWER)H2A, H2B
About how many base pairs of DNA wrap around the histone octamer to form the nucleosome? -
(ANSWER)146
Removing the histone octamer leaves what kind of supercoiled DNA? - (ANSWER)negative
Each core histone has a(n) _-terminal tail that extends outward between the DNA and coils. -
(ANSWER)N
The histone tails are up to __ amino acids long and have an _________ structure. - (ANSWER)25,
undefined
Why do the histone tails interact with other nucleosomes? - (ANSWER)to help compact DNA further
What are the five mutant variations of histone H2A? - (ANSWER)H2A.X, H2A.Z, MacroH2A1, MacroH2A2,
H2A-Bbd
What is the proposed function for H2A.X? - (ANSWER)DNA damage signaling
What is the proposed function for H2A.Z? - (ANSWER)transcriptional silencing
