Hurst Review Book (NCLEX RN)- UPDATED
2025/2026
What does aldosterone do and where is it secreted from? - CORRECT ANSWERS--
causes the body to retain water. secreted from the adrenal glands
what are diseases in which the body produces too much aldosterone (hormone that
retains water and sodium)? - CORRECT ANSWERS--cushing's disease (too many
steroids)
Conn's disease
what does ADH do and where is it secreted from? - CORRECT ANSWERS--hormone
that makes the body retain water. secreted by the pituitary gland
what is a disease in which the body produces too much ADH? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
-SIADH
body retains fluid, extreme thirst, can throw patients into Fluid Volume Excess.
Tx: fluid restriction and Desmopressin to inhibit release of ADh
what are S&S of fluid volume overload? - CORRECT ANSWERS--JVD, peripheral
edema, crackles/wet lung, ascites, increased CVP, bounding pulses, fast weight gain
what is the treatment for fluid volume excess? - CORRECT ANSWERS--I/O and daily
weights
diuretic therapy
sodium/fluid restriction
what are the causes of hypovolemia? - CORRECT ANSWERS--fluid loss from
anywhere
third spacing (fluid in a place that does no good) ie. ascites
what are s&s of hypovolemia? - CORRECT ANSWERS--weak and thready pulse
weight decrease
, decreased Urinary output
tachycardia
what are some examples of isotonic solutions and what are they used for? - CORRECT
ANSWERS--NS, LR, D5W
replacement of lost fluids from n&v, burns, sweating, and trauma
what type of patient does not need to receive an isotonic solution? - CORRECT
ANSWERS--pts w/ hypertension, cardiac disease, or renal failure
what are the causes of hypermagnesemia? - CORRECT ANSWERS--renal failure
antacid use
what is the antidote to magnesium - CORRECT ANSWERS--calcium gluconate
what are the causes of hypercalcemia? - CORRECT ANSWERS--hyperparathyroidism
thiazides
immobilization
what are signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia and hypercalcemia? - CORRECT
ANSWERS--decrease DTRs
weak/flaccid muscle tone
decreased LOC
decreased HR and RR
what are s&s of hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia? - CORRECT ANSWERS--rigid
muscle tone
increased DTR
positive Chvostek's sign (tap cheek)
positive Trousseau's (pump up BP cuff)
what are causes and s&s of hypernatremia? - CORRECT ANSWERS--dehydration
heat stroke
2025/2026
What does aldosterone do and where is it secreted from? - CORRECT ANSWERS--
causes the body to retain water. secreted from the adrenal glands
what are diseases in which the body produces too much aldosterone (hormone that
retains water and sodium)? - CORRECT ANSWERS--cushing's disease (too many
steroids)
Conn's disease
what does ADH do and where is it secreted from? - CORRECT ANSWERS--hormone
that makes the body retain water. secreted by the pituitary gland
what is a disease in which the body produces too much ADH? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
-SIADH
body retains fluid, extreme thirst, can throw patients into Fluid Volume Excess.
Tx: fluid restriction and Desmopressin to inhibit release of ADh
what are S&S of fluid volume overload? - CORRECT ANSWERS--JVD, peripheral
edema, crackles/wet lung, ascites, increased CVP, bounding pulses, fast weight gain
what is the treatment for fluid volume excess? - CORRECT ANSWERS--I/O and daily
weights
diuretic therapy
sodium/fluid restriction
what are the causes of hypovolemia? - CORRECT ANSWERS--fluid loss from
anywhere
third spacing (fluid in a place that does no good) ie. ascites
what are s&s of hypovolemia? - CORRECT ANSWERS--weak and thready pulse
weight decrease
, decreased Urinary output
tachycardia
what are some examples of isotonic solutions and what are they used for? - CORRECT
ANSWERS--NS, LR, D5W
replacement of lost fluids from n&v, burns, sweating, and trauma
what type of patient does not need to receive an isotonic solution? - CORRECT
ANSWERS--pts w/ hypertension, cardiac disease, or renal failure
what are the causes of hypermagnesemia? - CORRECT ANSWERS--renal failure
antacid use
what is the antidote to magnesium - CORRECT ANSWERS--calcium gluconate
what are the causes of hypercalcemia? - CORRECT ANSWERS--hyperparathyroidism
thiazides
immobilization
what are signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia and hypercalcemia? - CORRECT
ANSWERS--decrease DTRs
weak/flaccid muscle tone
decreased LOC
decreased HR and RR
what are s&s of hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia? - CORRECT ANSWERS--rigid
muscle tone
increased DTR
positive Chvostek's sign (tap cheek)
positive Trousseau's (pump up BP cuff)
what are causes and s&s of hypernatremia? - CORRECT ANSWERS--dehydration
heat stroke
