MIMG 185 Midterm 1 Exam with |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
verified detailed solutions |!! |!!
Week 0 |!! |!!
What are physiologic barriers? - correct answer✔✔- Temperature, pH,
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
oxygen tension, soluble factors |!! |!! |!!
What are soluble factors? - correct answer✔✔- Lysosyme, interferons,
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
complement
What do Lysosymes do? - correct answer✔✔- Found in mucous, cleaves
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
bacterial peptidoglycans |!!
What do interferons do? - correct answer✔✔- Antiviral effects, produced by
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
infected cells
|!! |!!
What are the complement? - correct answer✔✔- Series of proteins that
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
form a cascade on exposure to sialic acid, leading to bacterial lysis
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
Which immune cells go through phagocytosis? - correct answer✔✔-
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
Monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils |!! |!!
How does Phagocytosis works? - correct answer✔✔- Engulfs
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
particles/organisms via receptors, degrades them in lysosomes |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- Receptor is nonspecific
|!! |!! |!!
,What does the receptor for Phagocytosis bind on bacteria? - correct
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
answer✔✔- Receptor binds lipopolysaccharides |!! |!! |!!
Which cells go through endocytosis? - correct answer✔✔- All cells
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- How cells bring fluids and nutrients (macromolecules) into their insides
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
What is the inflammatory response? - correct answer✔✔- Vasodilation
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
causing increase in blood vessel diameter
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- Increase in capillary permeability
|!! |!! |!! |!!
- Exudates (plasma proteins) released
|!! |!! |!! |!!
- Influx of phagocytic cells from blood into tissue
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
What is the process in which phagocytic cells reaches site of infection to
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
cause inflammation? - correct answer✔✔- Margination - adherence to
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
capillary wall |!!
- Extravasation - exit from capillary
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- Chemotaxis - migrations towards area of inflammation
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
What are the soluble mediators involved in inflammation? - correct
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
answer✔✔- Acute phase proteins, Histamine, Kinins |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
What do Acute phase proteins do? - correct answer✔✔- Released by the
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
liver, binds polysaccharides, initiate complement cascade
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
What do Histamines do? - correct answer✔✔- Released from injury,
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
stimulate vasodilation |!!
What do Kinins do? - correct answer✔✔- Released following injury,
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
stimulates vasodilation, stimulate pain receptors in skin
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
,What are the receptors involved in innate immunity used for and where do
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
they come from?
|!! |!! |!!
Give an example - correct answer✔✔- To discriminate between pathogens
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
and self |!!
- Uses germline-encoded receptors that recognize patterns
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- Toll-like receptors (TLR): binding of these receptors activates the innate
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
cell
What is Acquired Immunity and what can it detect? - correct answer✔✔-
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
Adaptive immunity, specific |!! |!!
- Anamnestic response: memory response - more rapid and stronger
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
responses the 2nd time |!! |!! |!!
- Detects subtle changes in protein, carbohydrates, and lipids
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
* Innate response would not differentiate between two different bacteria,
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
but acquired will |!! |!!
How is acquired response specific? - correct answer✔✔- Must detect self
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
versus non-self |!!
- Must differentiate forms of non-self
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
What are Antigens (Ag) and what molecules do the immune response
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
responds to? - correct answer✔✔- Antigen: molecule or structure against
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
which the immune response is directed to
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- Immune response only sees bio-organic molecule, would not see glass or
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
a coke bottle
|!! |!! |!!
What can alter the antigenic university? - correct answer✔✔- Mutations
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
causing genetic change can rapidly alter Ags on pathogens
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
, What are the main players in acquired immunity and what do they have? -
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
correct answer✔✔- Key players: lymphocytes B and T cells
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- They have receptors for antigens and are able to distinguish self from
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
non-self
- Receptors help remove Ag from the body
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
What is found on the B cell receptor? - correct answer✔✔- B cell receptor
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
are Antibodies (Ab)
|!! |!!
- Abs can be found on the cell surface or in secreted forms (in
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
blood/lymph) --> able to bind antigen at a site away from the cell |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
What is found on the T cell receptor (TCR)? - correct answer✔✔- Only
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
found on the T cell surface |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- Receptor that is never secreted so cannot respond to antigens away
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
from it |!!
- TCR binds antigen on surface of other cells and cell surface proteins
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
What is the Clonal Selection Theory for Antibody production? - correct
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
answer✔✔- Only a particular B cell makes a particular Antibody |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- Each cell produces Abs of a single specificity
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- Ab is displayed on cell surface
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- Specificity of Ab is generated randomly
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- Any cell making self-reactive Abs is eliminated
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
What is Clonal Expansion and how does it occur? - correct answer✔✔-
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
Cells (Mature B cells) reacting to antigen and proliferates (clonal
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
expansion)
- When cells proliferate, some become plasma cells and others become
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
memory cells |!!
verified detailed solutions |!! |!!
Week 0 |!! |!!
What are physiologic barriers? - correct answer✔✔- Temperature, pH,
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
oxygen tension, soluble factors |!! |!! |!!
What are soluble factors? - correct answer✔✔- Lysosyme, interferons,
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
complement
What do Lysosymes do? - correct answer✔✔- Found in mucous, cleaves
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
bacterial peptidoglycans |!!
What do interferons do? - correct answer✔✔- Antiviral effects, produced by
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
infected cells
|!! |!!
What are the complement? - correct answer✔✔- Series of proteins that
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
form a cascade on exposure to sialic acid, leading to bacterial lysis
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
Which immune cells go through phagocytosis? - correct answer✔✔-
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
Monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils |!! |!!
How does Phagocytosis works? - correct answer✔✔- Engulfs
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
particles/organisms via receptors, degrades them in lysosomes |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- Receptor is nonspecific
|!! |!! |!!
,What does the receptor for Phagocytosis bind on bacteria? - correct
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
answer✔✔- Receptor binds lipopolysaccharides |!! |!! |!!
Which cells go through endocytosis? - correct answer✔✔- All cells
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- How cells bring fluids and nutrients (macromolecules) into their insides
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
What is the inflammatory response? - correct answer✔✔- Vasodilation
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
causing increase in blood vessel diameter
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- Increase in capillary permeability
|!! |!! |!! |!!
- Exudates (plasma proteins) released
|!! |!! |!! |!!
- Influx of phagocytic cells from blood into tissue
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
What is the process in which phagocytic cells reaches site of infection to
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
cause inflammation? - correct answer✔✔- Margination - adherence to
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
capillary wall |!!
- Extravasation - exit from capillary
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- Chemotaxis - migrations towards area of inflammation
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
What are the soluble mediators involved in inflammation? - correct
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
answer✔✔- Acute phase proteins, Histamine, Kinins |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
What do Acute phase proteins do? - correct answer✔✔- Released by the
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
liver, binds polysaccharides, initiate complement cascade
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
What do Histamines do? - correct answer✔✔- Released from injury,
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
stimulate vasodilation |!!
What do Kinins do? - correct answer✔✔- Released following injury,
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
stimulates vasodilation, stimulate pain receptors in skin
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
,What are the receptors involved in innate immunity used for and where do
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
they come from?
|!! |!! |!!
Give an example - correct answer✔✔- To discriminate between pathogens
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
and self |!!
- Uses germline-encoded receptors that recognize patterns
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- Toll-like receptors (TLR): binding of these receptors activates the innate
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
cell
What is Acquired Immunity and what can it detect? - correct answer✔✔-
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
Adaptive immunity, specific |!! |!!
- Anamnestic response: memory response - more rapid and stronger
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
responses the 2nd time |!! |!! |!!
- Detects subtle changes in protein, carbohydrates, and lipids
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
* Innate response would not differentiate between two different bacteria,
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
but acquired will |!! |!!
How is acquired response specific? - correct answer✔✔- Must detect self
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
versus non-self |!!
- Must differentiate forms of non-self
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
What are Antigens (Ag) and what molecules do the immune response
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
responds to? - correct answer✔✔- Antigen: molecule or structure against
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
which the immune response is directed to
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- Immune response only sees bio-organic molecule, would not see glass or
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
a coke bottle
|!! |!! |!!
What can alter the antigenic university? - correct answer✔✔- Mutations
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
causing genetic change can rapidly alter Ags on pathogens
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
, What are the main players in acquired immunity and what do they have? -
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
correct answer✔✔- Key players: lymphocytes B and T cells
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- They have receptors for antigens and are able to distinguish self from
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
non-self
- Receptors help remove Ag from the body
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
What is found on the B cell receptor? - correct answer✔✔- B cell receptor
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
are Antibodies (Ab)
|!! |!!
- Abs can be found on the cell surface or in secreted forms (in
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
blood/lymph) --> able to bind antigen at a site away from the cell |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
What is found on the T cell receptor (TCR)? - correct answer✔✔- Only
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
found on the T cell surface |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- Receptor that is never secreted so cannot respond to antigens away
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
from it |!!
- TCR binds antigen on surface of other cells and cell surface proteins
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
What is the Clonal Selection Theory for Antibody production? - correct
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
answer✔✔- Only a particular B cell makes a particular Antibody |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- Each cell produces Abs of a single specificity
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- Ab is displayed on cell surface
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- Specificity of Ab is generated randomly
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- Any cell making self-reactive Abs is eliminated
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
What is Clonal Expansion and how does it occur? - correct answer✔✔-
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
Cells (Mature B cells) reacting to antigen and proliferates (clonal
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
expansion)
- When cells proliferate, some become plasma cells and others become
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
memory cells |!!
