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NU 545 UNIT 6 | 2025-2026 LATEST UPDATED| REAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 100% RATED CORRECT | 100% VERFIED
| ALREADY GRADED A+
Anatomy and function of the GI system components; normal intestinal flora (p1285) - (answer)
Know disorders of the GI tract and accessory organs of digestion; pathophysiology, etiology,
prevention, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, treatment, and complications (p1318) - (answer)
What protects the stomach? (p1288) - (answer)Supporting structures: mesentery, peritoneum, and
omentum.
The interior is lined with mucosa which sits in folds called rugae when it is empty. (p1290)
gut microbiome (p1285)
Mucus forms a protective barrier against acid and proteolytic enzymes which would damage the
gastric lining (p1293)
Causes of pyloric stenosis (p1326) - (answer)Caused by peptic ulcer disease, carcinoma,
duodenal ulcers
Infantile: narrowing and distal obstruction of the pylorus and a common cause of vomiting after
a meal (postprandial), most common cause of intestinal obstruction in infancy. Unknown
etiology.
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Bottle feeding, young maternal age, maternal smoking, and erythromycin administration in first
2 weeks of life are associated.
Understand the process of digestion (p1285) - (answer)1. ingestion of food
2. propulsion of food and wastes from the mouth to the anus
3. secretion of mucus, water, and enzymes
4. mechanical digestion of food particles
5. chemical digestion of food particles
6. absorption of digested food
7. elimination of waste products
8. immune and microbial protection against infection
Know dumping syndrome; pathophysiology, etiology, prevention, clinical manifestations,
diagnostics, treatment and complications (p1334) - (answer)rapid emptying of hypertonic chyme
from the surgically created residual stomach (after resection) into the small intestine 10 to 20
minutes after eating; cramping, nausea, vomiting, osmotic diarrhea, hypotension, weakness, and
pallor.
Late dumping occurs 1 to 3 hours after eating a high carb meal and is related to hyperinsulinemia
with hypoglycemia; weakness, diaphoresis, confusion. Respond to dietary management, eat
small frequent meals high in protein and low in carbs.
,3|Page
Saliva: what prevents tooth decay, immunoglobulin content (p1286) - (answer)consists mostly of
water with varying amounts of mucus, sodium, bicarbonate, chloride, potassium, and salivary
alpha amylase (ptyalin; an enzyme that initiates carb digestion)
the composition depends on rate of secretion
aldosterone can increase epithelial exchange
also contains mucin, IgA and other antimicrobial substances
mucin provides lubrication
exogenous fluoride provides protection against tooth decay.
Know hepatitis; pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, treatment,
complications (p1392) - (answer)inflammation of the liver
can lead to cirrhosis, cancer or death
Etiology: toxic substances and viral, infections and autoimmune diseases
Hep A (fecal/oral); incubation is 28 days; children younger than 6 do not have symptoms (70%).
N/V/D
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Hep B (blood); risk factors are infants, immigrants, drugs or unprotected sex
Hep C (from mother to baby)
Hep D (can only occur if Hep B is present)
Chronic Hep (B and C are main causes); malaise, anorexia, fever, GI bleeding, hepatomegaly,
edema, joint pain
Know different types of diarrhea and causes (p1320) (p1335) (p1390) - (answer)Loose, watery
stools and may be acute, persistent, or chronic. 3 or more loose or liquid stools per day, or more
frequent than normal.
1. osmotic: nonabsorbable substance in the intestine draws excess water into the lumen of the
intestine by osmosis and increases stool weight and volume.
2. secretory: excessive mucosal secretions of chloride or bicarbonate rich fluid or overall
inhibition of net sodium absorption. Viruses, bacterial enterotoxins, exotoxins.
3. motile: excessive motility decreases transit time and the opportunity for fluid absorption
caused by resection of small intestine etc.
NU 545 UNIT 6 | 2025-2026 LATEST UPDATED| REAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 100% RATED CORRECT | 100% VERFIED
| ALREADY GRADED A+
Anatomy and function of the GI system components; normal intestinal flora (p1285) - (answer)
Know disorders of the GI tract and accessory organs of digestion; pathophysiology, etiology,
prevention, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, treatment, and complications (p1318) - (answer)
What protects the stomach? (p1288) - (answer)Supporting structures: mesentery, peritoneum, and
omentum.
The interior is lined with mucosa which sits in folds called rugae when it is empty. (p1290)
gut microbiome (p1285)
Mucus forms a protective barrier against acid and proteolytic enzymes which would damage the
gastric lining (p1293)
Causes of pyloric stenosis (p1326) - (answer)Caused by peptic ulcer disease, carcinoma,
duodenal ulcers
Infantile: narrowing and distal obstruction of the pylorus and a common cause of vomiting after
a meal (postprandial), most common cause of intestinal obstruction in infancy. Unknown
etiology.
,2|Page
Bottle feeding, young maternal age, maternal smoking, and erythromycin administration in first
2 weeks of life are associated.
Understand the process of digestion (p1285) - (answer)1. ingestion of food
2. propulsion of food and wastes from the mouth to the anus
3. secretion of mucus, water, and enzymes
4. mechanical digestion of food particles
5. chemical digestion of food particles
6. absorption of digested food
7. elimination of waste products
8. immune and microbial protection against infection
Know dumping syndrome; pathophysiology, etiology, prevention, clinical manifestations,
diagnostics, treatment and complications (p1334) - (answer)rapid emptying of hypertonic chyme
from the surgically created residual stomach (after resection) into the small intestine 10 to 20
minutes after eating; cramping, nausea, vomiting, osmotic diarrhea, hypotension, weakness, and
pallor.
Late dumping occurs 1 to 3 hours after eating a high carb meal and is related to hyperinsulinemia
with hypoglycemia; weakness, diaphoresis, confusion. Respond to dietary management, eat
small frequent meals high in protein and low in carbs.
,3|Page
Saliva: what prevents tooth decay, immunoglobulin content (p1286) - (answer)consists mostly of
water with varying amounts of mucus, sodium, bicarbonate, chloride, potassium, and salivary
alpha amylase (ptyalin; an enzyme that initiates carb digestion)
the composition depends on rate of secretion
aldosterone can increase epithelial exchange
also contains mucin, IgA and other antimicrobial substances
mucin provides lubrication
exogenous fluoride provides protection against tooth decay.
Know hepatitis; pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, treatment,
complications (p1392) - (answer)inflammation of the liver
can lead to cirrhosis, cancer or death
Etiology: toxic substances and viral, infections and autoimmune diseases
Hep A (fecal/oral); incubation is 28 days; children younger than 6 do not have symptoms (70%).
N/V/D
, 4|Page
Hep B (blood); risk factors are infants, immigrants, drugs or unprotected sex
Hep C (from mother to baby)
Hep D (can only occur if Hep B is present)
Chronic Hep (B and C are main causes); malaise, anorexia, fever, GI bleeding, hepatomegaly,
edema, joint pain
Know different types of diarrhea and causes (p1320) (p1335) (p1390) - (answer)Loose, watery
stools and may be acute, persistent, or chronic. 3 or more loose or liquid stools per day, or more
frequent than normal.
1. osmotic: nonabsorbable substance in the intestine draws excess water into the lumen of the
intestine by osmosis and increases stool weight and volume.
2. secretory: excessive mucosal secretions of chloride or bicarbonate rich fluid or overall
inhibition of net sodium absorption. Viruses, bacterial enterotoxins, exotoxins.
3. motile: excessive motility decreases transit time and the opportunity for fluid absorption
caused by resection of small intestine etc.
