CRIM 315 Exam 1 Question with
complete solution 2025
Overgeneralization - correct answer An error in reasoning that occurs when
we conclude that what we have observed or know to be true for a subset of
cases holds true for the entire set.
Selective observation - correct answer Observations chosen because they
are in accord with preferences or beliefs of the observer
Inaccurate observation - correct answer Observations based on faulty
perceptions of empirical reality.
Illogical reasoning - correct answer Prematurely jumping to conclusions and
arguing on the basis of invalid assumptions.
Resistance to change - correct answer Reluctance to change ideas in light of
new information, due to ego-based commitments, excessive devotion to
tradition, or uncritical agreement with authorities.
Everyday errors in reasoning - correct answer overgeneralization,
selective/inaccurate observation, illogical reasoning, and/or resistance to
change.
Social science - correct answer The use of scientific methods to investigate
individuals, societies, and social processes, including questions related to
criminology and criminal justice; the knowledge produced by these
investigations.
,Science - correct answer A set of logical, systematic documented methods
for investigating nature and natural processes; the knowledge produced by
these investigations.
Epistemology - correct answer A branch of philosophy that studies how
knowledge is gained or acquired.
Transparent - correct answer An important feature of the scientific method
that requires procedures, methods, and data analyses of any study to be
presented clearly for the purposes of replication.
Peer review - correct answer A process in which a journal editor sends a
submitted article to two or three experts who judge whether the paper should
be accepted, revis3ed and resubmitted, or rejected; the experts also provide
comments to explain their decision and guide any revisions.
Pseudoscience - correct answer Dubious but fascinating claims that are
touted as "scientifically proven" and bolstered by fervent, public testimonials of
believers who have experienced firsthand or have claimed to have witnessed
the phenomenon; however, such evidence is not based on the principles of
the scientific method.
Phrenology - correct answer A now defunct field of study, once considered a
science in the 19th century, that held that bumps and fissures of the skull
determined the character and personality of a person (criminal man).
Descriptive research - correct answer Research in which phenomena are
defined and described.
Exploratory research - correct answer Research in which social phenomena
are investigated without a priori expectations, in order to develop explanations
of them.
, Explanatory research - correct answer Research that seeks to identify causes
and/or effects of social phenomena.
Evaluation research - correct answer Research about social programs or
interventions.
Social Criminological Research in Practice - correct answer Descriptive,
exploratory, explanatory, and/or evaluation research.
Social Research Philosophies - correct answer Positivism and postpositivism,
interpretivism and constructivism
Positivism - correct answer The belief, shared by most scientists, that there is
a reality that exists quite apart from our own perception of it, although our
knowledge of this reality may never be complete.
Postpositivism - correct answer The belief that there is an empirical reality
buyt that our understanding of it is limited by its complexity and by the biases
and other limitations of researchers.
Intersubjective agreement - correct answer Agreement between scientists
about the nature of reality; often upheld as a more reasonable goal for science
than certainty about an objective reality.
Interpretivism (interpretivist philosophy) - correct answer The belief that
reality is socially constructed and that the goal of social scientists is to
understand what meanings people give to that reality.
Versehen - correct answer German word for "understanding"
complete solution 2025
Overgeneralization - correct answer An error in reasoning that occurs when
we conclude that what we have observed or know to be true for a subset of
cases holds true for the entire set.
Selective observation - correct answer Observations chosen because they
are in accord with preferences or beliefs of the observer
Inaccurate observation - correct answer Observations based on faulty
perceptions of empirical reality.
Illogical reasoning - correct answer Prematurely jumping to conclusions and
arguing on the basis of invalid assumptions.
Resistance to change - correct answer Reluctance to change ideas in light of
new information, due to ego-based commitments, excessive devotion to
tradition, or uncritical agreement with authorities.
Everyday errors in reasoning - correct answer overgeneralization,
selective/inaccurate observation, illogical reasoning, and/or resistance to
change.
Social science - correct answer The use of scientific methods to investigate
individuals, societies, and social processes, including questions related to
criminology and criminal justice; the knowledge produced by these
investigations.
,Science - correct answer A set of logical, systematic documented methods
for investigating nature and natural processes; the knowledge produced by
these investigations.
Epistemology - correct answer A branch of philosophy that studies how
knowledge is gained or acquired.
Transparent - correct answer An important feature of the scientific method
that requires procedures, methods, and data analyses of any study to be
presented clearly for the purposes of replication.
Peer review - correct answer A process in which a journal editor sends a
submitted article to two or three experts who judge whether the paper should
be accepted, revis3ed and resubmitted, or rejected; the experts also provide
comments to explain their decision and guide any revisions.
Pseudoscience - correct answer Dubious but fascinating claims that are
touted as "scientifically proven" and bolstered by fervent, public testimonials of
believers who have experienced firsthand or have claimed to have witnessed
the phenomenon; however, such evidence is not based on the principles of
the scientific method.
Phrenology - correct answer A now defunct field of study, once considered a
science in the 19th century, that held that bumps and fissures of the skull
determined the character and personality of a person (criminal man).
Descriptive research - correct answer Research in which phenomena are
defined and described.
Exploratory research - correct answer Research in which social phenomena
are investigated without a priori expectations, in order to develop explanations
of them.
, Explanatory research - correct answer Research that seeks to identify causes
and/or effects of social phenomena.
Evaluation research - correct answer Research about social programs or
interventions.
Social Criminological Research in Practice - correct answer Descriptive,
exploratory, explanatory, and/or evaluation research.
Social Research Philosophies - correct answer Positivism and postpositivism,
interpretivism and constructivism
Positivism - correct answer The belief, shared by most scientists, that there is
a reality that exists quite apart from our own perception of it, although our
knowledge of this reality may never be complete.
Postpositivism - correct answer The belief that there is an empirical reality
buyt that our understanding of it is limited by its complexity and by the biases
and other limitations of researchers.
Intersubjective agreement - correct answer Agreement between scientists
about the nature of reality; often upheld as a more reasonable goal for science
than certainty about an objective reality.
Interpretivism (interpretivist philosophy) - correct answer The belief that
reality is socially constructed and that the goal of social scientists is to
understand what meanings people give to that reality.
Versehen - correct answer German word for "understanding"
