BOARD EXAM Correct Questions And
Answers
Define kussmaul's breathing Correct Answers Abnormally deep, laboured breathing
(very rapid, sighing respirations) - typically a sign of diabetic ketoacidosis
Define cheyne-stokes breathing Correct Answers Irregular resps, characterized by
*alternating periods of apnea and hyperventilation*. Respiratory cycle begins with slow,
shallow breaths that gradually increase to abnormal rate and depth. The pattern
reverses, breathing slows and becomes shallow, climaxing in apnea before respiration
resumes
Usually happens when someone is about to die/comatose patients
Normal vital signs Correct Answers *O2*: 95-100% - generally normal (<92% suggests
hypoxemia)
*Resp rate*: 12-20 bpm
*BP*: 120/80 (ideal), 130/85 (normal)
*Heart rate*: 60-100
*Temp*: ~36-37.7 (38.0 indicates fever)
Define the following abbreviations:
AC
HS
PC
OD
PR
QD Correct Answers AC - before meals
HS - at bedtime
PC - after meals
OD - once a day
PR - rectal
QD - everyday
What is the formula for drug calculations? Correct Answers D
-------------------- x V
H
Dose (over) what you have (times) the volume
Neuman's Systems Model Correct Answers Views the client as multidimensional and
illness as multicausal. Looking at a client holistically through the 5 variables:
,-Physiological
-Psychological
-Sociocultural
-Developmental
-Spiritual
3 levels of prevention Correct Answers *Primary prevention* - Aim to reduce the
possibility of the client's encounter with the stressor or to strengthen the flexible line of
defense *prevent it before it happens*
*Secondary prevention* - Begins after the stressor has occurred. Functions to ensure
the appropriate treatment and decrease the negate impact of the stressor on the system
*you have something and you treat it*
*Tertiary prevention* - Maintain system stability *long haul maintenance*
Define transference vs. countertransference Correct Answers *Transference* - The
unconscious tendency of a patient to assign to others in the present environment
feelings and attitudes associated with significant persons in one's earlier life; especially,
the patient's transfer to the therapist of feelings and attitudes associated with a parent or
similar person from childhood. The feelings may be positive or negative (e.g. you
remind them of their mother)
*Countertransference* - Same concept but the other way around (e.g. the client reminds
you of your grandfather)
3 skin layers Correct Answers *Epidermis* - out layer, can tell you about someones
temperature and circulation, protective layer (from bacteria), water insoluble
*Dermis* - blood vessels that feed the skin, vascular supply, subcutaneous glands,
connective tissue or collagen, elastic tissue
*Subcutaneous layer* - fat storage, insulation, protection (cushion)
Pressure ulcer Correct Answers It is any lesion (sore) caused by unrelieved pressure
(laying down/sitting for too long) and decreased blood supply that results in damage to
the underlying tissue
Can be found on: shoulders, hips, back, gluteus, heels... anywhere there is pressure
Risk factors include friction, immobility, poor nutrition, incontinence, decreased
sensorium or sensation, age, health
Assess - size, location, colour,exudate, temp, door, pain, swelling, surrounding pain
(Use the braden assessment tool - lower score means higher risk)
, Interventions to prevent the formation of ulcers Correct Answers -Encourage patient to
mobilize
-Turn Q2H
-Use warm, not hot water
-Good nutrition
-Adequate fluids (2500mL/day)
-Keep client clean and dry
-Lift, don't drag over sheets to avoid tears
-Pat areas dry
Define shear Correct Answers Force exerted parallel to the skin (e.g. transferring a
patient and pulling their skin across the bed)
Define hypotension vs. hypertension vs. orthostatic hypotension Correct Answers
*Hypotension* - systolic falls <90mm HG
*Hypertension* - >140/90mm HG (heart must continually pump against greater
peripheral vascular resistance)
*Orthostatic hypotension* - systolic pressure falls more than 15mm HG between sitting
and standing
What are the high blood pressure categories? Correct Answers *Prehypertension* -
120-139 over 80-89
*Stage 1* - 140-159 over 90-99
*Stage 2* - 160 or higher over 100 or higher
*HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS* - higher than 180 over higher than 110
Stable angina Correct Answers Chest pain that occurs when the coronary vascular
supply cannot keep up with the metabolic demands of the heart
S/S: a squeezing "clenched fist", pain, diaphoresis, dyspnea, nausea, tachycardia
MEDS you would likely administer:
Aspirin to decrease viscosity of blood, nitroglycerin (vasodilator) PRN if prescribed
Arteries vs. veins Correct Answers *Arteries* carry oxygenated blood away from the
heart and *veins* return blood to the heart
Arteriosclerosis vs. atherosclerosis Correct Answers *Arteriosclerosis* - peripheral
blood vessels lose elasticity and become rigid - increasing BP
*Atherosclerosis* - deposit of fatty material in vessels/blockages - causes inflammation
Answers
Define kussmaul's breathing Correct Answers Abnormally deep, laboured breathing
(very rapid, sighing respirations) - typically a sign of diabetic ketoacidosis
Define cheyne-stokes breathing Correct Answers Irregular resps, characterized by
*alternating periods of apnea and hyperventilation*. Respiratory cycle begins with slow,
shallow breaths that gradually increase to abnormal rate and depth. The pattern
reverses, breathing slows and becomes shallow, climaxing in apnea before respiration
resumes
Usually happens when someone is about to die/comatose patients
Normal vital signs Correct Answers *O2*: 95-100% - generally normal (<92% suggests
hypoxemia)
*Resp rate*: 12-20 bpm
*BP*: 120/80 (ideal), 130/85 (normal)
*Heart rate*: 60-100
*Temp*: ~36-37.7 (38.0 indicates fever)
Define the following abbreviations:
AC
HS
PC
OD
PR
QD Correct Answers AC - before meals
HS - at bedtime
PC - after meals
OD - once a day
PR - rectal
QD - everyday
What is the formula for drug calculations? Correct Answers D
-------------------- x V
H
Dose (over) what you have (times) the volume
Neuman's Systems Model Correct Answers Views the client as multidimensional and
illness as multicausal. Looking at a client holistically through the 5 variables:
,-Physiological
-Psychological
-Sociocultural
-Developmental
-Spiritual
3 levels of prevention Correct Answers *Primary prevention* - Aim to reduce the
possibility of the client's encounter with the stressor or to strengthen the flexible line of
defense *prevent it before it happens*
*Secondary prevention* - Begins after the stressor has occurred. Functions to ensure
the appropriate treatment and decrease the negate impact of the stressor on the system
*you have something and you treat it*
*Tertiary prevention* - Maintain system stability *long haul maintenance*
Define transference vs. countertransference Correct Answers *Transference* - The
unconscious tendency of a patient to assign to others in the present environment
feelings and attitudes associated with significant persons in one's earlier life; especially,
the patient's transfer to the therapist of feelings and attitudes associated with a parent or
similar person from childhood. The feelings may be positive or negative (e.g. you
remind them of their mother)
*Countertransference* - Same concept but the other way around (e.g. the client reminds
you of your grandfather)
3 skin layers Correct Answers *Epidermis* - out layer, can tell you about someones
temperature and circulation, protective layer (from bacteria), water insoluble
*Dermis* - blood vessels that feed the skin, vascular supply, subcutaneous glands,
connective tissue or collagen, elastic tissue
*Subcutaneous layer* - fat storage, insulation, protection (cushion)
Pressure ulcer Correct Answers It is any lesion (sore) caused by unrelieved pressure
(laying down/sitting for too long) and decreased blood supply that results in damage to
the underlying tissue
Can be found on: shoulders, hips, back, gluteus, heels... anywhere there is pressure
Risk factors include friction, immobility, poor nutrition, incontinence, decreased
sensorium or sensation, age, health
Assess - size, location, colour,exudate, temp, door, pain, swelling, surrounding pain
(Use the braden assessment tool - lower score means higher risk)
, Interventions to prevent the formation of ulcers Correct Answers -Encourage patient to
mobilize
-Turn Q2H
-Use warm, not hot water
-Good nutrition
-Adequate fluids (2500mL/day)
-Keep client clean and dry
-Lift, don't drag over sheets to avoid tears
-Pat areas dry
Define shear Correct Answers Force exerted parallel to the skin (e.g. transferring a
patient and pulling their skin across the bed)
Define hypotension vs. hypertension vs. orthostatic hypotension Correct Answers
*Hypotension* - systolic falls <90mm HG
*Hypertension* - >140/90mm HG (heart must continually pump against greater
peripheral vascular resistance)
*Orthostatic hypotension* - systolic pressure falls more than 15mm HG between sitting
and standing
What are the high blood pressure categories? Correct Answers *Prehypertension* -
120-139 over 80-89
*Stage 1* - 140-159 over 90-99
*Stage 2* - 160 or higher over 100 or higher
*HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS* - higher than 180 over higher than 110
Stable angina Correct Answers Chest pain that occurs when the coronary vascular
supply cannot keep up with the metabolic demands of the heart
S/S: a squeezing "clenched fist", pain, diaphoresis, dyspnea, nausea, tachycardia
MEDS you would likely administer:
Aspirin to decrease viscosity of blood, nitroglycerin (vasodilator) PRN if prescribed
Arteries vs. veins Correct Answers *Arteries* carry oxygenated blood away from the
heart and *veins* return blood to the heart
Arteriosclerosis vs. atherosclerosis Correct Answers *Arteriosclerosis* - peripheral
blood vessels lose elasticity and become rigid - increasing BP
*Atherosclerosis* - deposit of fatty material in vessels/blockages - causes inflammation
