BIO152 - Module 2 |2025-2026 LATEST UPDATED| REAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 100% RATED CORRECT | 100%
VERFIED | ALREADY GRADED A+
Explain why some amino acids are considered "essential" to the human body - (answer)Essential
amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained externally (8/20)
Define the role of fatty acids in the human diet - (answer)Fatty acids are required to synthesize
many cellular components, including membrane phospholipids, signaling molecules, and fats
(essential: linoleic acid)
Distinguish water-soluble from fat-soluble vitamins - (answer)Water-soluble: B vitamins and
vitamin C, excess excreted in urine; Fat-soluble: vitamins A, D, E, K, excess deposited in body
fat
Define malnutrition and identify its most common cause - (answer)Malnutrition: failure to obtain
adequate nutrition; Most common type is protein deficiency resulting from lack of essential
amino acid intake
,Place the four steps of food processing in the correct order - (answer)1) Ingestion: the act of
eating; 2) Digestion: food is broken down for absorption; 3) Absorption: cells take up small
molecules for use; 4) Elimination: undigested material leaves the digestive system
Define the roles that mucus and the salivary glands play in upper digestion - (answer)Mucus:
viscous mixture of water, salts, cells, and slippery glycoproteins to lubricate for easier
swallowing and protect the digestive tract; Salivary glands: release saliva in anticipation of food
arrival into oral cavity
Identify the role of peristalsis in digestion - (answer)Peristalsis: alternating waves of smooth
muscle contraction and relaxation that help move food along the esophagus
Determine the functions of hydrochloric acid and pepsin in the stomach - (answer)Hydrochloric
acid (HCl): kills some bacteria and denatures proteins, pH around 2; Pepsin: a protease, or
protein-digesting enzyme, that works secondarily to HCl
Explain the stomach's mechanism to protect itself from its acidic environment - (answer)The
stomach's mucus lining protects itself from its harsh acidic environment, in addition to new
epithelial layers occurring every three days
,Name the three structural components of the small intestine, beginning at the stomach -
(answer)1) Duodenum: first portion, chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive components;
2) Jejunum: middle part; 3) Ileum: last part, connects to cecum; Both jejunum and ileum function
in nutrient absorption across the lining of the intestine via villi and microvilli
Define the role of the large intestine in the human body - (answer)Large intestine: includes
cecum, colon, and rectum, completes water reabsorption, making and moving feces by peristalsis
over 12-24 hours
Identify the correct three-step process in which the body will expend energy - (answer)1) Expend
calories taken in; 2) Expend liver glycogen; 3) Draw on muscle glycogen and fat; Adipose tissue
provides 2x energy per gram of carbohydrates or proteins
Given scenarios based on elevated or decreased blood glucose, decide if insulin or glucagon will
likely be triggered by the human body - (answer)Elevated blood glucose triggers secretion of
insulin (eg. diabetes, stress, illness); Decreased blood glucose triggers secretion of glucagon (eg.
skipping meals, excessive exercise, drinking alcohol)
Identify the three major differences between diabetes type 1 and 2, including autoimmune status,
basic mechanism of disease, and typical outcome - (answer)Type 1: Autoimmune, beta cell
destruction, no insulin production; Type 2: Not autoimmune, target cells fail to respond to
, insulin, blood glucose cannot be adequately utilizedCyanobacteria - (answer)Molecular data
suggest that plastids originated as _______________ engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryote
Anchoring the algae - (answer)The holdfast of brown algae functions in
______________________
Chlamydomonas - (answer)All of the following are genera of protists that parasitize humans
except:
About 30% of the worlds photosynthesis is preformed by protists - (answer)Which of the
following is the best description of protists contribution to photosynthesis
Diatoms - (answer)Which of these groups includes unicellular organisms that, due to the
structure of their cell walls, can withstand pressures equal to the pressure under each leg of a
table supporting an elephant?
Ciliates - (answer)Which of these groups is characterized by cells having more than one nucleus?
Morphological studies of the cytoskeleton - (answer)Organisms are classified as excavata based
on
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 100% RATED CORRECT | 100%
VERFIED | ALREADY GRADED A+
Explain why some amino acids are considered "essential" to the human body - (answer)Essential
amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained externally (8/20)
Define the role of fatty acids in the human diet - (answer)Fatty acids are required to synthesize
many cellular components, including membrane phospholipids, signaling molecules, and fats
(essential: linoleic acid)
Distinguish water-soluble from fat-soluble vitamins - (answer)Water-soluble: B vitamins and
vitamin C, excess excreted in urine; Fat-soluble: vitamins A, D, E, K, excess deposited in body
fat
Define malnutrition and identify its most common cause - (answer)Malnutrition: failure to obtain
adequate nutrition; Most common type is protein deficiency resulting from lack of essential
amino acid intake
,Place the four steps of food processing in the correct order - (answer)1) Ingestion: the act of
eating; 2) Digestion: food is broken down for absorption; 3) Absorption: cells take up small
molecules for use; 4) Elimination: undigested material leaves the digestive system
Define the roles that mucus and the salivary glands play in upper digestion - (answer)Mucus:
viscous mixture of water, salts, cells, and slippery glycoproteins to lubricate for easier
swallowing and protect the digestive tract; Salivary glands: release saliva in anticipation of food
arrival into oral cavity
Identify the role of peristalsis in digestion - (answer)Peristalsis: alternating waves of smooth
muscle contraction and relaxation that help move food along the esophagus
Determine the functions of hydrochloric acid and pepsin in the stomach - (answer)Hydrochloric
acid (HCl): kills some bacteria and denatures proteins, pH around 2; Pepsin: a protease, or
protein-digesting enzyme, that works secondarily to HCl
Explain the stomach's mechanism to protect itself from its acidic environment - (answer)The
stomach's mucus lining protects itself from its harsh acidic environment, in addition to new
epithelial layers occurring every three days
,Name the three structural components of the small intestine, beginning at the stomach -
(answer)1) Duodenum: first portion, chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive components;
2) Jejunum: middle part; 3) Ileum: last part, connects to cecum; Both jejunum and ileum function
in nutrient absorption across the lining of the intestine via villi and microvilli
Define the role of the large intestine in the human body - (answer)Large intestine: includes
cecum, colon, and rectum, completes water reabsorption, making and moving feces by peristalsis
over 12-24 hours
Identify the correct three-step process in which the body will expend energy - (answer)1) Expend
calories taken in; 2) Expend liver glycogen; 3) Draw on muscle glycogen and fat; Adipose tissue
provides 2x energy per gram of carbohydrates or proteins
Given scenarios based on elevated or decreased blood glucose, decide if insulin or glucagon will
likely be triggered by the human body - (answer)Elevated blood glucose triggers secretion of
insulin (eg. diabetes, stress, illness); Decreased blood glucose triggers secretion of glucagon (eg.
skipping meals, excessive exercise, drinking alcohol)
Identify the three major differences between diabetes type 1 and 2, including autoimmune status,
basic mechanism of disease, and typical outcome - (answer)Type 1: Autoimmune, beta cell
destruction, no insulin production; Type 2: Not autoimmune, target cells fail to respond to
, insulin, blood glucose cannot be adequately utilizedCyanobacteria - (answer)Molecular data
suggest that plastids originated as _______________ engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryote
Anchoring the algae - (answer)The holdfast of brown algae functions in
______________________
Chlamydomonas - (answer)All of the following are genera of protists that parasitize humans
except:
About 30% of the worlds photosynthesis is preformed by protists - (answer)Which of the
following is the best description of protists contribution to photosynthesis
Diatoms - (answer)Which of these groups includes unicellular organisms that, due to the
structure of their cell walls, can withstand pressures equal to the pressure under each leg of a
table supporting an elephant?
Ciliates - (answer)Which of these groups is characterized by cells having more than one nucleus?
Morphological studies of the cytoskeleton - (answer)Organisms are classified as excavata based
on
