HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM
HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2025/2026
COMPLETE 100 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY
GRADED A+
The patient reports generalized muscle weakness. The health care provider orders
administration of the medication edrophonium chloride (Tensilon). This medication is used in
the diagnosis of:
A. Autonomic hyperreflexia
B. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
C. Myasthenia gravis
D. MS - Answer ✓✓C - Myasthenia Gravis
The diagnosis of myasthenia gravis is made on the basis of a response to edrophonium
chloride (Tensilon)
A patient has high levels of hormones. To adapt to the high hormone concentrations, the
patient's target cells have the capacity for:
A.Positive feedback
A+ 1
, HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM
B.Negative feedback
C. Up-regulation
D. Down-regulation - Answer ✓✓D
Remember negative and positive feedback are how we regulate tropic hormones - within the
cell we use up and down regulation.
High concentrations of hormone decrease the number of receptors; this is called down-
regulation; thus, the cell can adjust its sensitivity to the concentration of the signaling
hormone.
Adaptation to high hormone concentration is the process of down-regulation. Negative
feedback regulates hormone release.
Adaptation to high hormone concentration is the process of down-regulation. Positive
feedback regulates some forms of hormone release.
Up-regulation is a response to low concentrations of hormone, thus increasing the number of
receptors per cell.
An ordered photographic display of a set of chromosomes from a single cell is a:
karyotype.
trisomy 23.
disjunction proband.
autosomal spread - Answer ✓✓karyotype
A 75-year-old male presents with chest pain with exertion. He was previously diagnosed with
arteriosclerosis (narrowing and blockage of the vessels). The chest pain is most likely due to
hypoxic injury secondary to:
malnutrition.
A+ 2
, HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM
free radicals.
ischemia.
chemical toxicity. - Answer ✓✓ischemia
Natriuretic hormones affect the balance of:
sodium.
potassium.
calcium.
magnesium. - Answer ✓✓sodium
How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes?
By active transport requiring ATP
By coupled channels
By passive electrolyte channels
By diffusion - Answer ✓✓By active transport requiring ATP
The role of physical activity in the prevention of colon cancer is identified by which of the
following?
It increases the secretion of hydrochloric acid thereby killing mutants.
It increases fluid loss leading to thirst and increased fluid intake, hydrating the colon.
It increases gut motility thereby decreasing the time the bowel is exposed to mutagens.
It increases blood supply thereby increasing oxygen to the colon. - Answer ✓✓It increases
gut motility thereby decreasing the time the bowel is exposed to mutagens.
A+ 3
, HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM
Which of the following compounds has been shown to increase the risk of cancer when used
in combination with smoking?
Hypnotics
Alcohol
Steroids
Antihistamines - Answer ✓✓Alcohol
When an aide asks why carcinomas rarely occur in childhood, how should the nurse respond?
(Select all that apply.)
Carcinomas are due to environmental exposures.
Carcinomas occur primarily in secondary sexual organs.
Carcinomas cannot develop in an immunosuppressed environment.
Carcinomas need a long time from exposure to occurrence.
Carcinomas are mesodermal. - Answer ✓✓Carcinomas are due to environmental exposures.
Carcinomas need a long time from exposure to occurrence.
An athlete runs a marathon, after which his muscles feel fatigued and unable to contract. The
athlete asks the nurse why this happened. How should the nurse respond? A deficiency in
________ can cause impaired muscle contraction.
ATP
GTP
GMP
AMP - Answer ✓✓ATP
A+ 4
FINAL EXAM
HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2025/2026
COMPLETE 100 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY
GRADED A+
The patient reports generalized muscle weakness. The health care provider orders
administration of the medication edrophonium chloride (Tensilon). This medication is used in
the diagnosis of:
A. Autonomic hyperreflexia
B. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
C. Myasthenia gravis
D. MS - Answer ✓✓C - Myasthenia Gravis
The diagnosis of myasthenia gravis is made on the basis of a response to edrophonium
chloride (Tensilon)
A patient has high levels of hormones. To adapt to the high hormone concentrations, the
patient's target cells have the capacity for:
A.Positive feedback
A+ 1
, HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM
B.Negative feedback
C. Up-regulation
D. Down-regulation - Answer ✓✓D
Remember negative and positive feedback are how we regulate tropic hormones - within the
cell we use up and down regulation.
High concentrations of hormone decrease the number of receptors; this is called down-
regulation; thus, the cell can adjust its sensitivity to the concentration of the signaling
hormone.
Adaptation to high hormone concentration is the process of down-regulation. Negative
feedback regulates hormone release.
Adaptation to high hormone concentration is the process of down-regulation. Positive
feedback regulates some forms of hormone release.
Up-regulation is a response to low concentrations of hormone, thus increasing the number of
receptors per cell.
An ordered photographic display of a set of chromosomes from a single cell is a:
karyotype.
trisomy 23.
disjunction proband.
autosomal spread - Answer ✓✓karyotype
A 75-year-old male presents with chest pain with exertion. He was previously diagnosed with
arteriosclerosis (narrowing and blockage of the vessels). The chest pain is most likely due to
hypoxic injury secondary to:
malnutrition.
A+ 2
, HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM
free radicals.
ischemia.
chemical toxicity. - Answer ✓✓ischemia
Natriuretic hormones affect the balance of:
sodium.
potassium.
calcium.
magnesium. - Answer ✓✓sodium
How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes?
By active transport requiring ATP
By coupled channels
By passive electrolyte channels
By diffusion - Answer ✓✓By active transport requiring ATP
The role of physical activity in the prevention of colon cancer is identified by which of the
following?
It increases the secretion of hydrochloric acid thereby killing mutants.
It increases fluid loss leading to thirst and increased fluid intake, hydrating the colon.
It increases gut motility thereby decreasing the time the bowel is exposed to mutagens.
It increases blood supply thereby increasing oxygen to the colon. - Answer ✓✓It increases
gut motility thereby decreasing the time the bowel is exposed to mutagens.
A+ 3
, HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM
Which of the following compounds has been shown to increase the risk of cancer when used
in combination with smoking?
Hypnotics
Alcohol
Steroids
Antihistamines - Answer ✓✓Alcohol
When an aide asks why carcinomas rarely occur in childhood, how should the nurse respond?
(Select all that apply.)
Carcinomas are due to environmental exposures.
Carcinomas occur primarily in secondary sexual organs.
Carcinomas cannot develop in an immunosuppressed environment.
Carcinomas need a long time from exposure to occurrence.
Carcinomas are mesodermal. - Answer ✓✓Carcinomas are due to environmental exposures.
Carcinomas need a long time from exposure to occurrence.
An athlete runs a marathon, after which his muscles feel fatigued and unable to contract. The
athlete asks the nurse why this happened. How should the nurse respond? A deficiency in
________ can cause impaired muscle contraction.
ATP
GTP
GMP
AMP - Answer ✓✓ATP
A+ 4
