NBME PATHOLOGY FINAL EXAM TEST 1. NEWEST ACTUAL EXAM COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A+ | 100% PASS | 2025 UPDATE!

NBME PATHOLOGY FINAL EXAM TEST 1. NEWEST ACTUAL EXAM COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A+ | 100% PASS | 2025 UPDATE! Exceptions to the rule of how carcinomas spread: -CORRECT ANS>>Renal cell carcinoma (spreads via invasion of renal vein) hepatocellular carcinoma (invades hepatic vein), follicular carcinoma of the thyroid, choriocarcinoma, which both spread hematogenously also. A benign tumor of the epithelium is a: -CORRECT ANS>> adenoma, papilloma Necrosis: -CORRECT ANS>>Exogenous injury causes enzymatic degradation and protein denaturation of a cell. IC components extravasate. **There's an inflammatory process unlike apoptosis** Coagulative necrosis occurs in the: -CORRECT ANS>>Caused by ischemia or infarction typically. heart, liver, kidney. Occurs in tissues supplied by end arteries. High cytoplasmic binding of acidophilic dye. Proteins denature first followed by enzymatic degradation. Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the: -CORRECT ANS>>brain, bacterial abscess and pleural effusion. Occurs in CNS because of high fat content there. Unlike coag necrosis, enzymatic degradation due to release of lysosomal enzymes occurs first. A malignant tumor of epithelium is: -CORRECT ANS>> adenocarcinoma, papillary carcinoma A benign tumor of the blood vessels: -CORRECT ANS>> hemangioma Basic characteristics of a benign tumor: -CORRECT ANS>>well-differentiated, no necrosis, well demarcated, no metastases, low mitotic activity Basic characteristics of a malignant tumor: -CORRECT ANS>>may be poorly differentiated, erratic growth, locally invasive / diffuse, may metastasize, low apoptosis What's the mechanism behind low apoptosis in malignancies? -CORRECT ANS>>upregulation of telomerase prevents shortening of the telomeres and thus cell death. Cachexia: -CORRECT ANS>>weight loss, muscle atrophy and fatigue that occur in the setting of chronic disease (AIDS, cancer, heart failure, TB). Mediated by TNF alpha (called cachectic) IFN-gamma and IL-6. DISEASE -- CANCER Associations: Acanthosis nigricans (hyperpigmentation and epithelial thickening) -CORRECT ANS>>visceral malignany (esp stomach) A malignant tumor of blood vessels: -CORRECT ANS>> angiosarcoma CEA: -CORRECT ANS>>CarcinoEmbryonic Antigen. Very nonspecific but produced by 70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers; also produced by gastric, breast and medullary thyroid carcinomas PSA: -CORRECT ANS>>prostate-specific antigen. Used to follow prostate adenocarcinoma. Can also be elevated in BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) and prostatitis. Questionable risk / benefit for screening. S-100: -CORRECT ANS>>neural crest origin, ie melanomas, neural tumors, schwannomas, langerhan's cell histiocytosis. TRAP: -CORRECT ANS>>Tatrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Hairy cell leukemia- a B cell neoplasm. A malignant tumor of blood: -CORRECT ANS>>leukemia, lymphoma A benign tumor of smooth muscle: -CORRECT ANS>> Leiomyoma A malignant tumor of smooth muscle: -CORRECT ANS>> leiomyosarcoma A benign tumor of striated muscle: -CORRECT ANS>> rhabdomyoma A malignant tumor of striated muscle: -CORRECT ANS>> rhabdomyosarcoma A benign tumor of connective tissue: -CORRECT ANS>> fibroma A malignant tumor of connective tissue: -CORRECT ANS>> fibrosarcoma A benign tumor of bone: -CORRECT ANS>>osteoma A malignant tumor of bone: -CORRECT ANS>>osteosarcoma A benign tumor of fat: -CORRECT ANS>>lipoma A malignant tumor of fat: -CORRECT ANS>>liposarcoma Actinic keratosis: -CORRECT ANS>>SCC of skin AIDS: -CORRECT ANS>>aggressive malignant lymphomas (non-Hodgkin) and Kaposi sarcoma Autoimmune diseases (Hashimoto thyroiditis, SLE): -CORRECT ANS>>lymphoma Barrett esophagus (chronic GI reflux): -CORRECT ANS>> esophageal adenocarcinoma Chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, postsurgical gastric remnants: CORRECT ANS>>gastric adenocarcinoma Cirrhosis: -CORRECT ANS>>hepatocellular carcinoma