HOSA PHARMACOLOGY EXAM QS & AS |GRADE A|100%
CORRECT (VERIFIED ANSWERS) (NEW 2025/ 2026 UPDATE)
allergic reaction - correct answersimmune response related to prior exposure to the
drug, re-exposure triggers an allergic response. Can range from mild itching to severe
rash to anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening response characterized by
broncho-spasm, laryngeal edema, and drop in BP
allergic drugs - correct answers1.penicillin,
2.NSAIDS (aspirin),
3.Sulfonamide drugs- antihistamines, diuretics, oral hypoglycemic
idiosyncratic effect - correct answersuncommon drug response resulting from a genetic
predisposition. Occurs the first time a drug is given
side effects - correct answersunavoidable secondary drug effect produced at
therapeutic doses..drowsiness with antihistamines..predictable and intensity is dose
dependent
toxicity - correct answersadverse drug reaction due to excessive dosing. severe
hypoglycemia from insulin
carcinogenic effect - correct answersdrugs used to treat cancer have the greatest
carcinogenic potential
classification - correct answersdrugs may be classified in a number of different ways.
Typically the classification provide information about the chemical nature,
pharmacologic action, or pharmacotherapeutic use of drugs
contraindication - correct answerssituations when drug use should be avoided or
alternative strongly considered. Most drugs are contraindicated in pregnancy and
lactation. May be absolute (allergy) or relative.
dosage - correct answersthe quantity or concentration of drug to be given. Safe dosage
is the appropriate amount of the drug taken to ones age and size
drug - correct answersany chemical affecting the process of living organism
duration of action - correct answersthe length of time that a drug concentration in the
blood or tissue is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response
first-pass effect - correct answersrapid hepatic inactivation of certain oral drugs
,half life - correct answerstime it takes for one half of the original amount of a drug in the
body to be removed by 50 % . After about 5 half lives the most drugs are considered to
be removed from the body 97% of the drug is removed
iatrogenic disease - correct answersiatros-physicaian...genic-to produce...it is a disease
produced by a physician or by treatment. renal toxicity with aminoglycosides, blood
dyscrasias with chemotherapy
incompatibilities - correct answersreaction occurs when two parenteral drugs or
solutions are mixed together, resulting in chemical deterioration of the least one of the
drugs
interactions - correct answerswhen the action of one drug is affected by the action of
another drug, As number of drugs taken at one time increase, the risk of interaction also
increase
additive effect - correct answerswhen 2 drugs with similar actions are giving together
and allows a more therapeutic effect with fewer side effects due to smaller doses of
each drug. opioid & non-opioid, anti hypertensive with diuretic
antagonist effect - correct answerscombined effect is less than the effect produced by
the active drug alone, second drug eliminates or diminishes activity of the first drug
synergistic effect - correct answerscombination of two drugs producing a
pharmacological effect that is greater than the sum of the two drugs.
loading dose - correct answerslarge initial dose to achieve steady state (plateau)
mechanism of action (MOA) - correct answersway that a drug produces a therapeutic
effect. There are many different ways that a drug work
nursing consideration - correct answersthis relates the nursing process to the
medication
onset of action - correct answersthe time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic
response( time the drug starts working)
peak effect - correct answersthe time it takes for a drug to reach maximum therapeutic
response in the body ( the time the drug is doing the best it can)
pharmacodynamics - correct answersthe study of what the drug does to the body
pharmacokinetics - correct answersthe study of what the drug does to the body AMDE
,pharmacology - correct answersthe science or study of drug and interactions with living
things
physical dependence - correct answersdevelops with long term use of certain drugs
such as opioid, alcohol, barbiturates, and amphetamines. If drug is discontinued the
body will exhibit abstinence syndrome
plasma drug levels - correct answersthe amount of drug present in the blood can predict
whether or not the drug is going to be therapeutic or toxic
precautions - correct answersincludes disease states or clinical situation when drug use
involves risk or in which drug dosage modification is required
prototype - correct answersoften the first drug developed in a particular class that can
be used to present other drugs
routes - correct answershow the drug is given..oral parenteral, topical
steady state - correct answersphysiologic state in which the amount of drug removed
via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose, After about 5
half lives, steady state is achieved. Once an individual reached steady state they have
consistent levels of drugs in the body that correspond to maximum therapeutic benefits.
Drugs with a short half-life require more frequent dosing
teratogenic effect - correct answersdrugs that cause abnormal fetal development when
give to pregnant women
therapeutic index/range - correct answerswhen the amount of the drug in the plasma is
above the minimum effective concentration (MEC) and below the toxic concentration.
Some drugs have a narrow therapeutic range like lithium
hepatotoxicity - correct answersdrugs are the leading cause of acute liver failure,
combing hepatotoxic drugs with certain other drugs may cause the risk of liver
damage....lipid lower drugs..oral hypoglycemic, anti-seizure drugs, anitfungals, anti
tubercular, immune suppressants, antiretovirals, acetaminophen and alcohol
Liver function test LFT - correct answersobtained as a baseline and periodically 3
months throughout therapy
Aspartame aminotransferase (AST)
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) - correct answerslevels are normally low but rise with
liver damage
liver damage symptoms - correct answersjaundice, dark urine, light colored stools, N/V,
malaise, abnormal discomfort, loss of appetite
, cardiotoxcity - correct answersdrugs that interfere with electrical conduction or
mechanical function of the heart
qt interval - correct answerstime it takes for the ventricles of the heart to contract and
relax. Cardiotoxic drugs will length the qt interval and lead to life threatening
arrhythmia....antidysrhythmics, antibiotics, anticancer drugs, anti-psychotics, ACE
inhibitors, calcium channel blockers (CCB)
grapefruit juice - correct answersinhibits the metabolism of the drugs and raise drug
level. Inhibition of the CYP3A4 continues for 3 days after drinking grapefruit...CC,
caffeine, estrogen, benzodiazepines, statins, cyclosporine
chemical name - correct answersdescribes a drug chemical composition and molecular
structure
generic name - correct answerseveryday, official (nonproprietary) name given to a drug
by manufacturer who first develops the drug. longer and more complicated than the
trade name.....ibuprofen, acetaminophen, digoxin
trade/proprietary/brand name - correct answersindicated that the drug is registered and
that its use is restricted to the owner of the drug. legally on record for 17 years. Having
multiple trade names for a single generic drug can impair recognition and increase
possibility of drug errors
Parenteral - correct answersa general term for any route other than the alimentary canal
IV - correct answersinstant absorbtion since the drug is injected into bloodstream...rapid
onset...cost inconvenience, irreversibility, complications
IM - correct answersdrug inject muscular tissue, only barrier to absorption is the
capillary wall......can administer poorly soluble drug..depot preparations,,absorbed
slowly decreasing frequency...discomfort and inconvenience
SQ - correct answersdrug injected into adipose tissue ,less blood flow
enteral - correct answersdrug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the oral
or gastric mucosa, the small intestine
oral - correct answerstwo barriers to absorption, GI tract epithelial and capillary walls
...easy convenient....variability, inactivation, patient must be able to swallow, local
irritation
liquids - correct answerssyrups, elixirs, suspensions, powers, capsules, tablets
enteric coated - correct answerscovered with material so the drug dissolves in the
intestines protects drugs stomach acid. protects stomach from irritation drugs
CORRECT (VERIFIED ANSWERS) (NEW 2025/ 2026 UPDATE)
allergic reaction - correct answersimmune response related to prior exposure to the
drug, re-exposure triggers an allergic response. Can range from mild itching to severe
rash to anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening response characterized by
broncho-spasm, laryngeal edema, and drop in BP
allergic drugs - correct answers1.penicillin,
2.NSAIDS (aspirin),
3.Sulfonamide drugs- antihistamines, diuretics, oral hypoglycemic
idiosyncratic effect - correct answersuncommon drug response resulting from a genetic
predisposition. Occurs the first time a drug is given
side effects - correct answersunavoidable secondary drug effect produced at
therapeutic doses..drowsiness with antihistamines..predictable and intensity is dose
dependent
toxicity - correct answersadverse drug reaction due to excessive dosing. severe
hypoglycemia from insulin
carcinogenic effect - correct answersdrugs used to treat cancer have the greatest
carcinogenic potential
classification - correct answersdrugs may be classified in a number of different ways.
Typically the classification provide information about the chemical nature,
pharmacologic action, or pharmacotherapeutic use of drugs
contraindication - correct answerssituations when drug use should be avoided or
alternative strongly considered. Most drugs are contraindicated in pregnancy and
lactation. May be absolute (allergy) or relative.
dosage - correct answersthe quantity or concentration of drug to be given. Safe dosage
is the appropriate amount of the drug taken to ones age and size
drug - correct answersany chemical affecting the process of living organism
duration of action - correct answersthe length of time that a drug concentration in the
blood or tissue is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response
first-pass effect - correct answersrapid hepatic inactivation of certain oral drugs
,half life - correct answerstime it takes for one half of the original amount of a drug in the
body to be removed by 50 % . After about 5 half lives the most drugs are considered to
be removed from the body 97% of the drug is removed
iatrogenic disease - correct answersiatros-physicaian...genic-to produce...it is a disease
produced by a physician or by treatment. renal toxicity with aminoglycosides, blood
dyscrasias with chemotherapy
incompatibilities - correct answersreaction occurs when two parenteral drugs or
solutions are mixed together, resulting in chemical deterioration of the least one of the
drugs
interactions - correct answerswhen the action of one drug is affected by the action of
another drug, As number of drugs taken at one time increase, the risk of interaction also
increase
additive effect - correct answerswhen 2 drugs with similar actions are giving together
and allows a more therapeutic effect with fewer side effects due to smaller doses of
each drug. opioid & non-opioid, anti hypertensive with diuretic
antagonist effect - correct answerscombined effect is less than the effect produced by
the active drug alone, second drug eliminates or diminishes activity of the first drug
synergistic effect - correct answerscombination of two drugs producing a
pharmacological effect that is greater than the sum of the two drugs.
loading dose - correct answerslarge initial dose to achieve steady state (plateau)
mechanism of action (MOA) - correct answersway that a drug produces a therapeutic
effect. There are many different ways that a drug work
nursing consideration - correct answersthis relates the nursing process to the
medication
onset of action - correct answersthe time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic
response( time the drug starts working)
peak effect - correct answersthe time it takes for a drug to reach maximum therapeutic
response in the body ( the time the drug is doing the best it can)
pharmacodynamics - correct answersthe study of what the drug does to the body
pharmacokinetics - correct answersthe study of what the drug does to the body AMDE
,pharmacology - correct answersthe science or study of drug and interactions with living
things
physical dependence - correct answersdevelops with long term use of certain drugs
such as opioid, alcohol, barbiturates, and amphetamines. If drug is discontinued the
body will exhibit abstinence syndrome
plasma drug levels - correct answersthe amount of drug present in the blood can predict
whether or not the drug is going to be therapeutic or toxic
precautions - correct answersincludes disease states or clinical situation when drug use
involves risk or in which drug dosage modification is required
prototype - correct answersoften the first drug developed in a particular class that can
be used to present other drugs
routes - correct answershow the drug is given..oral parenteral, topical
steady state - correct answersphysiologic state in which the amount of drug removed
via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose, After about 5
half lives, steady state is achieved. Once an individual reached steady state they have
consistent levels of drugs in the body that correspond to maximum therapeutic benefits.
Drugs with a short half-life require more frequent dosing
teratogenic effect - correct answersdrugs that cause abnormal fetal development when
give to pregnant women
therapeutic index/range - correct answerswhen the amount of the drug in the plasma is
above the minimum effective concentration (MEC) and below the toxic concentration.
Some drugs have a narrow therapeutic range like lithium
hepatotoxicity - correct answersdrugs are the leading cause of acute liver failure,
combing hepatotoxic drugs with certain other drugs may cause the risk of liver
damage....lipid lower drugs..oral hypoglycemic, anti-seizure drugs, anitfungals, anti
tubercular, immune suppressants, antiretovirals, acetaminophen and alcohol
Liver function test LFT - correct answersobtained as a baseline and periodically 3
months throughout therapy
Aspartame aminotransferase (AST)
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) - correct answerslevels are normally low but rise with
liver damage
liver damage symptoms - correct answersjaundice, dark urine, light colored stools, N/V,
malaise, abnormal discomfort, loss of appetite
, cardiotoxcity - correct answersdrugs that interfere with electrical conduction or
mechanical function of the heart
qt interval - correct answerstime it takes for the ventricles of the heart to contract and
relax. Cardiotoxic drugs will length the qt interval and lead to life threatening
arrhythmia....antidysrhythmics, antibiotics, anticancer drugs, anti-psychotics, ACE
inhibitors, calcium channel blockers (CCB)
grapefruit juice - correct answersinhibits the metabolism of the drugs and raise drug
level. Inhibition of the CYP3A4 continues for 3 days after drinking grapefruit...CC,
caffeine, estrogen, benzodiazepines, statins, cyclosporine
chemical name - correct answersdescribes a drug chemical composition and molecular
structure
generic name - correct answerseveryday, official (nonproprietary) name given to a drug
by manufacturer who first develops the drug. longer and more complicated than the
trade name.....ibuprofen, acetaminophen, digoxin
trade/proprietary/brand name - correct answersindicated that the drug is registered and
that its use is restricted to the owner of the drug. legally on record for 17 years. Having
multiple trade names for a single generic drug can impair recognition and increase
possibility of drug errors
Parenteral - correct answersa general term for any route other than the alimentary canal
IV - correct answersinstant absorbtion since the drug is injected into bloodstream...rapid
onset...cost inconvenience, irreversibility, complications
IM - correct answersdrug inject muscular tissue, only barrier to absorption is the
capillary wall......can administer poorly soluble drug..depot preparations,,absorbed
slowly decreasing frequency...discomfort and inconvenience
SQ - correct answersdrug injected into adipose tissue ,less blood flow
enteral - correct answersdrug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the oral
or gastric mucosa, the small intestine
oral - correct answerstwo barriers to absorption, GI tract epithelial and capillary walls
...easy convenient....variability, inactivation, patient must be able to swallow, local
irritation
liquids - correct answerssyrups, elixirs, suspensions, powers, capsules, tablets
enteric coated - correct answerscovered with material so the drug dissolves in the
intestines protects drugs stomach acid. protects stomach from irritation drugs
