Fundamentals of Database Systems
2025/2026 Exam Questions and Answers
| 100% Solved
Database - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔A collection of related data, that is a collection of
related facts that have implicit meaning. Additionally (not in text) databases
require for properties:
• A method to define / construct data.
• A method to update data.
• A method to retrieve data.
• An administration method, that is security (e.g. creating new users who can
access the data).
,Remark: Without the additional properties, you could say a textbook is a database,
since it is a collection of data.
Traditional Database Systems - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔A database that stores text or
alphanumeric characters as opposed to a multimedia database, which stores videos
and pictures.
Database Management System (DBMS) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔A software that creates,
reads, updates, and deletes data in a database while controlling access and security.
Example: MySQL, hypersonic SQL.
Datatype - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The kind of information a field contains—whether
text, number, date/time, or some other type.
File Processing vs Database Approach - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Traditionally speaking,
information was stored using that filing approach. That is, an entity, say a student
who has various data, like grades and university balance, were compartmentalize
into different containers: a department for academic records or a department for
university bills. However, with the database approach, we take that one entity and
the user can view different aspects of that one entity.
,Database Snapshot - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔A snapshot of a database is the log of the
database at a particular moment in time. This can be used as a background. It is
may also be used as a recovery method. It is also known as an occurrence or
instance.
Catalog and Meta-Data - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Stores the description of a particular
database. The contents that go inside the catalog is called the meta-data. Meta
meaning that it is the metaphysical description of the data.
Example: For example, think of a photo. The photo itself is the data, however the
meta-data for the photo might be the author of the photo (owner), date-taken, or
etc. Example from Wikipedia.
Example: Every prescription is a data that is stored in a database system. If you
used CVS RxConnect system, it requires that every new prescription be generated
with an NPI code, a sig (direction) field, and a quantity field. This is the meta-data
of each prescription (source: was a pharmacy technician).
Data Model - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Logical data structures that detail the relationships
among data elements using graphics or pictures.
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, Integrity Constraints - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Rules that help ensure the quality of
information. For example, requiring the user for the field in the ID section of a
student to have the data-type of an integer. However, it doesn't have to be specific
to programming, it can be something like ensuring a password has a certain set of
characters or requirements.
Example: Relationship constraints
Example: Suppose we have a database that captures parent-child relationships. One
integrity constraint would be to ensure that every new entity who enters the
database and is a child, must be paired with a parent.
End-Users - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔End users are persons throughout the organization
who add, delete, and modify data in the database and who request or receive
information from it.
Example: A medical scribe accessing Epic Cadence System to update medical
notes or to use the NPI to send medical information to another doctor.
2025/2026 Exam Questions and Answers
| 100% Solved
Database - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔A collection of related data, that is a collection of
related facts that have implicit meaning. Additionally (not in text) databases
require for properties:
• A method to define / construct data.
• A method to update data.
• A method to retrieve data.
• An administration method, that is security (e.g. creating new users who can
access the data).
,Remark: Without the additional properties, you could say a textbook is a database,
since it is a collection of data.
Traditional Database Systems - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔A database that stores text or
alphanumeric characters as opposed to a multimedia database, which stores videos
and pictures.
Database Management System (DBMS) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔A software that creates,
reads, updates, and deletes data in a database while controlling access and security.
Example: MySQL, hypersonic SQL.
Datatype - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The kind of information a field contains—whether
text, number, date/time, or some other type.
File Processing vs Database Approach - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Traditionally speaking,
information was stored using that filing approach. That is, an entity, say a student
who has various data, like grades and university balance, were compartmentalize
into different containers: a department for academic records or a department for
university bills. However, with the database approach, we take that one entity and
the user can view different aspects of that one entity.
,Database Snapshot - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔A snapshot of a database is the log of the
database at a particular moment in time. This can be used as a background. It is
may also be used as a recovery method. It is also known as an occurrence or
instance.
Catalog and Meta-Data - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Stores the description of a particular
database. The contents that go inside the catalog is called the meta-data. Meta
meaning that it is the metaphysical description of the data.
Example: For example, think of a photo. The photo itself is the data, however the
meta-data for the photo might be the author of the photo (owner), date-taken, or
etc. Example from Wikipedia.
Example: Every prescription is a data that is stored in a database system. If you
used CVS RxConnect system, it requires that every new prescription be generated
with an NPI code, a sig (direction) field, and a quantity field. This is the meta-data
of each prescription (source: was a pharmacy technician).
Data Model - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Logical data structures that detail the relationships
among data elements using graphics or pictures.
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
, Integrity Constraints - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Rules that help ensure the quality of
information. For example, requiring the user for the field in the ID section of a
student to have the data-type of an integer. However, it doesn't have to be specific
to programming, it can be something like ensuring a password has a certain set of
characters or requirements.
Example: Relationship constraints
Example: Suppose we have a database that captures parent-child relationships. One
integrity constraint would be to ensure that every new entity who enters the
database and is a child, must be paired with a parent.
End-Users - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔End users are persons throughout the organization
who add, delete, and modify data in the database and who request or receive
information from it.
Example: A medical scribe accessing Epic Cadence System to update medical
notes or to use the NPI to send medical information to another doctor.
