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BIOLOGY GENETICS BIOD 210 GENETICS FINAL EXAM (2025)
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
A nucleotide is made phosphate group, pentose sugar
up of what 3 (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), and
components? a nitrogenous base
What nitrogenous Adenine and Guanine
bases are purines
What nitrogenous cytosine, thymine, uracil
bases are pyrimidines?
How can you purines are double-ringed while pyrimidines are
differentiate between single-ringed
purines and
pyrimidines?
DNA: double stranded, has deoxyribose
What are the sugar(hydroxyl group at 2' carbon), bases: A, T,
differences between G, C
DNA and RNA? RNA: single stranded, has ribose sugar(one
oxygen is removed from the 2' Carbon),
bases: A, U, G, C
nucleoside: pentose sugar + nitrogenous base
Nucleoside vs Nucleotide
nucleotide: pentose sugar + nitrogenous base +
phosphate group
What type of bonds Phosphodiester bonds
bind nucleotide
chains?
1.) Must contain important info to encode hereditary
What are the 4
traits
requirements for a
2.) Must be capable of replication
molecule to be genetic 3.) Must be capable of variation by mutation
material? 4.) Must be able to express information
Where are cell's nucleus
,2
chromosomes located?
what is a centrosome? location in the cell that contains centrioles
microtubules that produce mitotic spindle
What are centrioles?
fibers, aids in cell division, and make up the
cytoskeleton of the cell
, 3
How many centrioles 2 centrioles/1 centrosome
are there for every
centrosome?
How many copies of 2 copies
each type of
chromosome does
each eukaryotic cell
typically have?
what are copies of the same type of DNA
homologous
chromosomes?
What are non- copies of different chromosomes with different DNA
homologous
chromosomes?
What is mitosis? cell division of one cell into 2 exact duplicates
What are the six interphase, prophase, prometaphase,
stages of Mitosis in metaphase, anaphase, telophase and
order? cytokinesis
mitosis stage that the cell is primarily in
What happens during chromosomes are uncondensed, so they are
mitosis interphase? just hanging out in the nucleus
1 centrosome < 2 centrioles
What happens during Centrosome replication ( 2 centrosomes < 4
interphase s-phase? centrioles) occurs and chromosome replication
occurs (still uncondensed)
centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell
What happens during using spindle fibers nuclear membrane breaks
mitosis prophase?
down
chromatin (DNA) condenses into chromosomes
(the "x"'s); bound by a kinetochore that
attracts mitotic spindle fibers
BIOLOGY GENETICS BIOD 210 GENETICS FINAL EXAM (2025)
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
A nucleotide is made phosphate group, pentose sugar
up of what 3 (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), and
components? a nitrogenous base
What nitrogenous Adenine and Guanine
bases are purines
What nitrogenous cytosine, thymine, uracil
bases are pyrimidines?
How can you purines are double-ringed while pyrimidines are
differentiate between single-ringed
purines and
pyrimidines?
DNA: double stranded, has deoxyribose
What are the sugar(hydroxyl group at 2' carbon), bases: A, T,
differences between G, C
DNA and RNA? RNA: single stranded, has ribose sugar(one
oxygen is removed from the 2' Carbon),
bases: A, U, G, C
nucleoside: pentose sugar + nitrogenous base
Nucleoside vs Nucleotide
nucleotide: pentose sugar + nitrogenous base +
phosphate group
What type of bonds Phosphodiester bonds
bind nucleotide
chains?
1.) Must contain important info to encode hereditary
What are the 4
traits
requirements for a
2.) Must be capable of replication
molecule to be genetic 3.) Must be capable of variation by mutation
material? 4.) Must be able to express information
Where are cell's nucleus
,2
chromosomes located?
what is a centrosome? location in the cell that contains centrioles
microtubules that produce mitotic spindle
What are centrioles?
fibers, aids in cell division, and make up the
cytoskeleton of the cell
, 3
How many centrioles 2 centrioles/1 centrosome
are there for every
centrosome?
How many copies of 2 copies
each type of
chromosome does
each eukaryotic cell
typically have?
what are copies of the same type of DNA
homologous
chromosomes?
What are non- copies of different chromosomes with different DNA
homologous
chromosomes?
What is mitosis? cell division of one cell into 2 exact duplicates
What are the six interphase, prophase, prometaphase,
stages of Mitosis in metaphase, anaphase, telophase and
order? cytokinesis
mitosis stage that the cell is primarily in
What happens during chromosomes are uncondensed, so they are
mitosis interphase? just hanging out in the nucleus
1 centrosome < 2 centrioles
What happens during Centrosome replication ( 2 centrosomes < 4
interphase s-phase? centrioles) occurs and chromosome replication
occurs (still uncondensed)
centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell
What happens during using spindle fibers nuclear membrane breaks
mitosis prophase?
down
chromatin (DNA) condenses into chromosomes
(the "x"'s); bound by a kinetochore that
attracts mitotic spindle fibers
