BIOD331 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Taking your child to the pediatrician for their annual well check-up and keeping up with the
recommended vaccination schedule would be an example of: - ANS Primary prevention
You are seeing a patient in your clinic who recently suffered a TIA. Recent diagnostic tests
revealed that he has atrial fibrillation. You decide to put him on a blood thinner to prevent a
future neurologic event. This would be an example of: - ANS Tertiary prevention
James is being seen for his first colonoscopy. He turned 50 this year, and his father recently
passed away from colon cancer at age 85. This would be an example of: - ANS Secondary
prevention
True/False: Metaplastic cells are not better prepared to survive under stressful circumstances -
ANS False
Fill in the blank: ________ propel chyme along the small intestine toward the large intestine in
one direction. - ANS Peristaltic movements
Fill in the blank: ___________ occlude small portions of the intestinal lumen to push digestive
contents forward and backward - ANS Segmentation Waves
True or False: Peristaltic movements occur in two directions. - ANS False, one direction
True/False: Hypertrophy can occur under normal and pathological conditions. - ANS True
1 @COPYRIGHT THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
,You are reading results from a recent blood panel for Fred, a 76-year-old male. His hemoglobin
levels are 15.5 g/dL. Would this be considered a normal or abnormal value? - ANS Normal
You are reading results from a recent blood panel for Susan, a 48-year-old female. Her
hemoglobin levels are 7 g/dL. Would this be considered a normal or abnormal value? -
ANS Abnormal. Normal Hemoglobin levels for a female is 12-15 g/dL
You are reading results from a recent blood panel for Jane, a 37-year-old female. Her
hemoglobin levels are 13 g/dL. Would this be considered a normal or abnormal value? -
ANS Normal
Which are true of the mitochondria? Select all that apply. - ANS It is involved in cellular
respiration
They play a role in apoptosis
Which is NOT true of the cytoskeleton? - ANS It includes peroxisomes and proteasomes
Which of the following is an active form of Vitamin D? - ANS 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
Which of the following is an inactive form of Vitamin D? - ANS Cholecalciferol
Which of the following is synthesized in the kidney and regulates the differentiation of red
blood cells within bone marrow? - ANS Erythropoietin
Which are true of the cell membrane? Select all that apply. - ANS Controls the transport of
materials from the outside fluids to within
Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells
Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation
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, True or False. If false, explain why the statement is false.
A benign neoplasm invades and destroys tissue and possesses a rapid rate of growth. -
ANS False. A malignant neoplasm invades and destroys tissues and possesses a rapid rate of
growth.
OR
A benign neoplasm resembles the cells of the tissues of origin and possesses a slow rate of
growth.
True or False. If false, explain why the statement is false.
A malignant neoplasm resembles the cells of the tissues of origin and possesses a slow rate of
growth. - ANS False. A benign neoplasm resembles the cells of the tissues of origin and
possesses a slow rate of growth.
OR
A malignant neoplasm invades and destroys tissue and possesses a rapid rate of growth.
List 2 differences between benign and malignant neoplasms. - ANS Any combination of the
following - Benign tumors are well-differentiated cells, resemble the cells of tissues of origin,
and have a slow, progressive rate of growth. They grow by expansion and remain localized to
their site of origin, not capable of metastasizing. Malignant neoplasms invade and destroy
tissue. They grow rapidly, spread to other parts of the body, and lack well- defined margins.
They can compress blood vessels and outgrow their blood supply, causing ischemia and tissue
injury.
Compare and contrast the two types of gangrenous necrosis. - ANS In dry gangrene the
affected tissue becomes dry and shrinks, the skin wrinkles, and its color changes to dark brown
or black. The spread of dry gangrene is slow. It results from a cut-off in arterial blood supply
and is a form of coagulation necrosis. In wet gangrene, the affected area is cold, swollen, and
pulseless. The skin is moist, black, and under tension. Blebs form on the surface, liquefaction
occurs, and a foul odor is caused by bacterial action. The spread of tissue damage is rapid.
You are talking to your patient who has been recently diagnosed with Osteoporosis. They
mentioned that they joined a Silver Sneakers program at their local gym because they read that
3 @COPYRIGHT THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Taking your child to the pediatrician for their annual well check-up and keeping up with the
recommended vaccination schedule would be an example of: - ANS Primary prevention
You are seeing a patient in your clinic who recently suffered a TIA. Recent diagnostic tests
revealed that he has atrial fibrillation. You decide to put him on a blood thinner to prevent a
future neurologic event. This would be an example of: - ANS Tertiary prevention
James is being seen for his first colonoscopy. He turned 50 this year, and his father recently
passed away from colon cancer at age 85. This would be an example of: - ANS Secondary
prevention
True/False: Metaplastic cells are not better prepared to survive under stressful circumstances -
ANS False
Fill in the blank: ________ propel chyme along the small intestine toward the large intestine in
one direction. - ANS Peristaltic movements
Fill in the blank: ___________ occlude small portions of the intestinal lumen to push digestive
contents forward and backward - ANS Segmentation Waves
True or False: Peristaltic movements occur in two directions. - ANS False, one direction
True/False: Hypertrophy can occur under normal and pathological conditions. - ANS True
1 @COPYRIGHT THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
,You are reading results from a recent blood panel for Fred, a 76-year-old male. His hemoglobin
levels are 15.5 g/dL. Would this be considered a normal or abnormal value? - ANS Normal
You are reading results from a recent blood panel for Susan, a 48-year-old female. Her
hemoglobin levels are 7 g/dL. Would this be considered a normal or abnormal value? -
ANS Abnormal. Normal Hemoglobin levels for a female is 12-15 g/dL
You are reading results from a recent blood panel for Jane, a 37-year-old female. Her
hemoglobin levels are 13 g/dL. Would this be considered a normal or abnormal value? -
ANS Normal
Which are true of the mitochondria? Select all that apply. - ANS It is involved in cellular
respiration
They play a role in apoptosis
Which is NOT true of the cytoskeleton? - ANS It includes peroxisomes and proteasomes
Which of the following is an active form of Vitamin D? - ANS 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
Which of the following is an inactive form of Vitamin D? - ANS Cholecalciferol
Which of the following is synthesized in the kidney and regulates the differentiation of red
blood cells within bone marrow? - ANS Erythropoietin
Which are true of the cell membrane? Select all that apply. - ANS Controls the transport of
materials from the outside fluids to within
Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells
Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation
2 @COPYRIGHT THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
, True or False. If false, explain why the statement is false.
A benign neoplasm invades and destroys tissue and possesses a rapid rate of growth. -
ANS False. A malignant neoplasm invades and destroys tissues and possesses a rapid rate of
growth.
OR
A benign neoplasm resembles the cells of the tissues of origin and possesses a slow rate of
growth.
True or False. If false, explain why the statement is false.
A malignant neoplasm resembles the cells of the tissues of origin and possesses a slow rate of
growth. - ANS False. A benign neoplasm resembles the cells of the tissues of origin and
possesses a slow rate of growth.
OR
A malignant neoplasm invades and destroys tissue and possesses a rapid rate of growth.
List 2 differences between benign and malignant neoplasms. - ANS Any combination of the
following - Benign tumors are well-differentiated cells, resemble the cells of tissues of origin,
and have a slow, progressive rate of growth. They grow by expansion and remain localized to
their site of origin, not capable of metastasizing. Malignant neoplasms invade and destroy
tissue. They grow rapidly, spread to other parts of the body, and lack well- defined margins.
They can compress blood vessels and outgrow their blood supply, causing ischemia and tissue
injury.
Compare and contrast the two types of gangrenous necrosis. - ANS In dry gangrene the
affected tissue becomes dry and shrinks, the skin wrinkles, and its color changes to dark brown
or black. The spread of dry gangrene is slow. It results from a cut-off in arterial blood supply
and is a form of coagulation necrosis. In wet gangrene, the affected area is cold, swollen, and
pulseless. The skin is moist, black, and under tension. Blebs form on the surface, liquefaction
occurs, and a foul odor is caused by bacterial action. The spread of tissue damage is rapid.
You are talking to your patient who has been recently diagnosed with Osteoporosis. They
mentioned that they joined a Silver Sneakers program at their local gym because they read that
3 @COPYRIGHT THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
