TopicsThat will be covered
1 Phylogenies 1 Molecular clocks
2 convergence 2 Molecular ero
http IgmapotoagYon
Hitqgneeifstareliebstathosineaanion
1 Phylogenetictrees
2 Parsimony i BiogeographyEvo
13 Homoplasy
meoieoiuiiainaigakat.us
biodiversity
EIisIIiIenrY
aeon
1ConvergentEvolution
13 2 Historyon life 3Earth
3Macroevolution 1species speciation
2 Definitions
3 ReproductiveIsolation
4 Intrinsic t extrinsic
ice 7.7491 95
zygoticbarriers
6 Genetic incompat
7 Hybridization
8 Allopathy Sympathy
LectureOne Summary
why is evolution important
checkslides
LectureTwo Summary
Phylogeny A usualrepresentation of the evolutionary historyof populations gene
or species
used to represent relationships at different scales ranging
from populations to phyla
AllTheSame They canlook diff 4 bethe
same
ANATOMY OFPhylogenetictree
NOlonger
same
U
u
,ROOTED V S UNROOTED TREES
think like youpinch
that section 4 then
pull it down to root it
root HOWTO ROOT ATREE
, Cladograms NOtime MRCA ye's oldest
Phylograms amount of evolution Has occurred No time
Chronograms YES TIME
Polytomy Monophyletic paraphyletic
COMMON MISTAKES B
aka
desendanta
wecan't
tell
, EVERYIMPORTANT'T
Tetrads
Hazel brown blue
eyes eyes bledges
eyes green
eyes
green
eyes green green
eyes eyes
same
NOTE
green
eyes
Apomorphy Derived character state
Plesiomorphy Ancestral character state
y.sn
fsynmaffems Pmhoyipn AFETarIEpmEudcesfrhaaYaEtnearra'Fettestate
Homoplasy character state that evolved 2T times convergence
Autapomorphy Ingle derived characterstate
HOMOLOGY Characters or characterStates derived by common ancestor
III Homology 1 Transitions
earbone structure now derived from
mandible of the early synapsids
Homoplasy example convergence evolution
human eye 3 octopus eye
BOTH similar structure
taffieslast
Vert blind spot v s Octopus 170 BS
i
similar sfthfnctf.ve
,LectureThree
Summary Homology by Gene duplication
O
1
gene
tree
orthologous Sep by speciation events ONLY
paralogous at least one duplicationevent
there are millions of gene duplications Natural selection gets rid of badones
Maximum parsimony The best estimate of the true phylogeny
postulate the FEWEST evolutionary changes
i minimize the of repeated changes homoplasies
consensus trees problems w parsimonytrees
1 Truetree may notbe
the parismoniestone
2 No Naturalwayto deal w it
characters w diff
rates of evolution
diff Images having
diff rates of change
3 Produces a cladogram
but we often don't
know branch lengths
,YouTube Help video
Lecture 4 Suffenammolecular
Clock Method
substitutions
ftp.fhfe
lastcommo
ancesto
, 3rd position most
favorable
will notchange the
ending amino acid
product
check HW
Placing Fossils on Phylogenies
Fossils are used as min age
calibration points
Importance of Fossils
1 rate of phenotypic changes in
particular lineages
2 Changes in biological diversity
check lecture slides for other
data obtaining methods
Macroevolution
, r
d
standing Diversity
,Lecture 5 Summary
Speciation outline
species concept definitions
1 Biological Species Concept Bsc species are groups of actually
or potentially interbreeding populations in nature reproductive
isolated from other such groups
1a Variation wlin Species they have to be able to have
lb geographic variation sexy create offspring
Ic sibling species
PROBLEMS
1 can't deal w fossils
2 allopatric populations
3 What level of interbreeding is permissible
asexual does not count
2 Phylogenetic species concept PSC smallest possible group
from
descending a common ancestor bp recognizable by
unique derived traits
BOTH evolution independent lineages
Speciation
1 Speciation modes
2 types of reproductive isolating barriers
34 RheYthfiodrcefnteenfility
character displacement
TYPES OF ISOLATING BARRIERS
1 Geographic extrinsic properties of landscape that
prevent gene flow
2 Reproductive organisms that prevent interbreeding
ll song difference
could
BOTH WORK TOGETHER TO HELP SPECIATION
, 1 Geographic Barrier
largeareas theymate
closest
4
tothem
Allopatric not same area
parapatric no barrier environmental effects
sympatric same area
allopatric is the most common
vicariance geographical separation
parapatric ex of a population
barrier by physical
1 Phylogenies 1 Molecular clocks
2 convergence 2 Molecular ero
http IgmapotoagYon
Hitqgneeifstareliebstathosineaanion
1 Phylogenetictrees
2 Parsimony i BiogeographyEvo
13 Homoplasy
meoieoiuiiainaigakat.us
biodiversity
EIisIIiIenrY
aeon
1ConvergentEvolution
13 2 Historyon life 3Earth
3Macroevolution 1species speciation
2 Definitions
3 ReproductiveIsolation
4 Intrinsic t extrinsic
ice 7.7491 95
zygoticbarriers
6 Genetic incompat
7 Hybridization
8 Allopathy Sympathy
LectureOne Summary
why is evolution important
checkslides
LectureTwo Summary
Phylogeny A usualrepresentation of the evolutionary historyof populations gene
or species
used to represent relationships at different scales ranging
from populations to phyla
AllTheSame They canlook diff 4 bethe
same
ANATOMY OFPhylogenetictree
NOlonger
same
U
u
,ROOTED V S UNROOTED TREES
think like youpinch
that section 4 then
pull it down to root it
root HOWTO ROOT ATREE
, Cladograms NOtime MRCA ye's oldest
Phylograms amount of evolution Has occurred No time
Chronograms YES TIME
Polytomy Monophyletic paraphyletic
COMMON MISTAKES B
aka
desendanta
wecan't
tell
, EVERYIMPORTANT'T
Tetrads
Hazel brown blue
eyes eyes bledges
eyes green
eyes
green
eyes green green
eyes eyes
same
NOTE
green
eyes
Apomorphy Derived character state
Plesiomorphy Ancestral character state
y.sn
fsynmaffems Pmhoyipn AFETarIEpmEudcesfrhaaYaEtnearra'Fettestate
Homoplasy character state that evolved 2T times convergence
Autapomorphy Ingle derived characterstate
HOMOLOGY Characters or characterStates derived by common ancestor
III Homology 1 Transitions
earbone structure now derived from
mandible of the early synapsids
Homoplasy example convergence evolution
human eye 3 octopus eye
BOTH similar structure
taffieslast
Vert blind spot v s Octopus 170 BS
i
similar sfthfnctf.ve
,LectureThree
Summary Homology by Gene duplication
O
1
gene
tree
orthologous Sep by speciation events ONLY
paralogous at least one duplicationevent
there are millions of gene duplications Natural selection gets rid of badones
Maximum parsimony The best estimate of the true phylogeny
postulate the FEWEST evolutionary changes
i minimize the of repeated changes homoplasies
consensus trees problems w parsimonytrees
1 Truetree may notbe
the parismoniestone
2 No Naturalwayto deal w it
characters w diff
rates of evolution
diff Images having
diff rates of change
3 Produces a cladogram
but we often don't
know branch lengths
,YouTube Help video
Lecture 4 Suffenammolecular
Clock Method
substitutions
ftp.fhfe
lastcommo
ancesto
, 3rd position most
favorable
will notchange the
ending amino acid
product
check HW
Placing Fossils on Phylogenies
Fossils are used as min age
calibration points
Importance of Fossils
1 rate of phenotypic changes in
particular lineages
2 Changes in biological diversity
check lecture slides for other
data obtaining methods
Macroevolution
, r
d
standing Diversity
,Lecture 5 Summary
Speciation outline
species concept definitions
1 Biological Species Concept Bsc species are groups of actually
or potentially interbreeding populations in nature reproductive
isolated from other such groups
1a Variation wlin Species they have to be able to have
lb geographic variation sexy create offspring
Ic sibling species
PROBLEMS
1 can't deal w fossils
2 allopatric populations
3 What level of interbreeding is permissible
asexual does not count
2 Phylogenetic species concept PSC smallest possible group
from
descending a common ancestor bp recognizable by
unique derived traits
BOTH evolution independent lineages
Speciation
1 Speciation modes
2 types of reproductive isolating barriers
34 RheYthfiodrcefnteenfility
character displacement
TYPES OF ISOLATING BARRIERS
1 Geographic extrinsic properties of landscape that
prevent gene flow
2 Reproductive organisms that prevent interbreeding
ll song difference
could
BOTH WORK TOGETHER TO HELP SPECIATION
, 1 Geographic Barrier
largeareas theymate
closest
4
tothem
Allopatric not same area
parapatric no barrier environmental effects
sympatric same area
allopatric is the most common
vicariance geographical separation
parapatric ex of a population
barrier by physical
