ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY EXAM
LATEST 2025 WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS
- immune response, circulatory functions, fat absorption
- returns fluid to the blood, where immune cells come from
respiratory system CORRECT ANSWER - nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, lungs,
and bronchi
- O2 and CO2 exchange (main job is gas exchange)
- exerts CO2 ("respiratory poop"); we lose weight by breathing out CO2
digestive system CORRECT ANSWER - mouth, esophagus, stomach, small
intestines, large intestines, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
- mechanical and chemical breakdown of ingested foods, and absorption
- removal of waste
urinary system CORRECT ANSWER - kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
- waste removal (nitrogenous waste, excisions; eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)),
regulates pH, water balance
reproductive systems CORRECT ANSWER - we could live without this system (said
in lecture?)
- male: testes, prostate, scrotum, penis, and the duct system
- female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, mammary glands, and vagina
- produce sex cells and sex hormones
immune system CORRECT ANSWER where white blood cells are
homeostasis CORRECT ANSWER the existence and maintenance of a relatively
constant environment within the body (ex. pH of 7.40) regardless of what is happening
in the external environment
set point CORRECT ANSWER - dynamic state
- we can go above OR below it
- ex. if we get too far below our set point for temperature, a signal is sent and we shiver
(ex. thermogenesis)
normal range CORRECT ANSWER assuming this is the "normal range" for things in
our bodies, but I can't find it anywhere in my notes
, stimulus CORRECT ANSWER - a signal that causes a sensory change
- ex. high/low body temperature
receptor CORRECT ANSWER slide example: temperature- receptive cells in skin and
brain cells that monitor and respond (send signals) to external/internal changes
control center CORRECT ANSWER afferent and efferent pathways
afferent pathway CORRECT ANSWER - AKA sensory pathway; "sensing" something
is wrong
- sends signal to control center (mainly brain)
efferent pathway CORRECT ANSWER - motor signal, causing movement/response
- think: motor = movement; physical EFfort, Exercise
effector CORRECT ANSWER the body part signaled/activated to respond to the
stimuli (ex. skeletal muscles (shivering), sweat glands (sweating-shocker)
response CORRECT ANSWER the actual response to a stimuli occurring (this would
be the shivering, sweating, etc.)
negative feedback mechanism CORRECT ANSWER - any deviation from the normal
set point is resisted or diminished
- an effort is made to return to equilibrium (ex. shivering when cold, sweating when hot)
- most homeostatic control mechanisms are controlled in a negative feedback fashion
know what a negative feedback graph looks like CORRECT ANSWER -
positive feedback mechanism CORRECT ANSWER - rare, when a deviation from the
normal set point occurs, positive feedback mechanisms tend to make the deviation
larger (usually unhealthy)
- ex. blood pressure changes due to trauma, contractions during childbirth, blood
clotting
know what a positive feedback graph looks like CORRECT ANSWER -
oblique plane CORRECT ANSWER an oblique section through the body (at an angle)
elements of the human body (MAJOR elements- 96.1%) CORRECT ANSWER -
CHON; building blocks
- carbon
- hydrogen
- oxygen
- nitrogen
LATEST 2025 WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS
- immune response, circulatory functions, fat absorption
- returns fluid to the blood, where immune cells come from
respiratory system CORRECT ANSWER - nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, lungs,
and bronchi
- O2 and CO2 exchange (main job is gas exchange)
- exerts CO2 ("respiratory poop"); we lose weight by breathing out CO2
digestive system CORRECT ANSWER - mouth, esophagus, stomach, small
intestines, large intestines, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
- mechanical and chemical breakdown of ingested foods, and absorption
- removal of waste
urinary system CORRECT ANSWER - kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
- waste removal (nitrogenous waste, excisions; eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)),
regulates pH, water balance
reproductive systems CORRECT ANSWER - we could live without this system (said
in lecture?)
- male: testes, prostate, scrotum, penis, and the duct system
- female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, mammary glands, and vagina
- produce sex cells and sex hormones
immune system CORRECT ANSWER where white blood cells are
homeostasis CORRECT ANSWER the existence and maintenance of a relatively
constant environment within the body (ex. pH of 7.40) regardless of what is happening
in the external environment
set point CORRECT ANSWER - dynamic state
- we can go above OR below it
- ex. if we get too far below our set point for temperature, a signal is sent and we shiver
(ex. thermogenesis)
normal range CORRECT ANSWER assuming this is the "normal range" for things in
our bodies, but I can't find it anywhere in my notes
, stimulus CORRECT ANSWER - a signal that causes a sensory change
- ex. high/low body temperature
receptor CORRECT ANSWER slide example: temperature- receptive cells in skin and
brain cells that monitor and respond (send signals) to external/internal changes
control center CORRECT ANSWER afferent and efferent pathways
afferent pathway CORRECT ANSWER - AKA sensory pathway; "sensing" something
is wrong
- sends signal to control center (mainly brain)
efferent pathway CORRECT ANSWER - motor signal, causing movement/response
- think: motor = movement; physical EFfort, Exercise
effector CORRECT ANSWER the body part signaled/activated to respond to the
stimuli (ex. skeletal muscles (shivering), sweat glands (sweating-shocker)
response CORRECT ANSWER the actual response to a stimuli occurring (this would
be the shivering, sweating, etc.)
negative feedback mechanism CORRECT ANSWER - any deviation from the normal
set point is resisted or diminished
- an effort is made to return to equilibrium (ex. shivering when cold, sweating when hot)
- most homeostatic control mechanisms are controlled in a negative feedback fashion
know what a negative feedback graph looks like CORRECT ANSWER -
positive feedback mechanism CORRECT ANSWER - rare, when a deviation from the
normal set point occurs, positive feedback mechanisms tend to make the deviation
larger (usually unhealthy)
- ex. blood pressure changes due to trauma, contractions during childbirth, blood
clotting
know what a positive feedback graph looks like CORRECT ANSWER -
oblique plane CORRECT ANSWER an oblique section through the body (at an angle)
elements of the human body (MAJOR elements- 96.1%) CORRECT ANSWER -
CHON; building blocks
- carbon
- hydrogen
- oxygen
- nitrogen
