1
SOLUTION MANUAL
American Government: Political
Development and Institutional Change
12th Edition by Cal Jillson, All Chapters 1 - 16
, 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Chapter 1 The Origins of American Political Principles
2. Chapter 2 The Revolution and the Constitution
3. Chapter 3 Federalism and American Political Development
4. Chapter 4 Political Socialization and Public Opinion
5. Chapter 5 The Mass Media and the Political Agenda
6. Chapter 6 Interest Groups: The Politics of Influence
7. Chapter 7 Political Parties: Winning the Right to Govern
8. Chapter 8 Voting, Campaigns, and Elections
9. Chapter 9 Congress: Partisanship, Polarization, and Gridlock
10. Chapter 10 The President: Executive Power in a Separation of Powers Regime
11. Chapter 11 Bureaucracy: Redesigning Government for the Twenty-First Century
12. Chapter 12 The Federal Courts: Activism versus Restraint
13. Chapter 13 Civil Liberties: Ordered Liberty in America
14. Chapter 14 Civil Rights: Where Liberty and Equality Collide
15. Chapter 15 Government, The Economy, and Domestic Policy
16. Chapter 16 America’s Global Role in the Twenty-First Century
, 3
Chapter 1
THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN POLITICAL PRINCIPLES
FOCUS QUESTIONS
Q1 What are the broad purposes of government?
A1 The ancients believed the role of government and politics was to foster human
excellence. However, it is imperative to remember that the Greeks and Romans
believed the virtuous should rule according to natural law. Furthermore, valuesof
equality and order would be served through a society based upon the rule
oflaw to provide for the common good. In the Middle Ages, government was
largely used to facilitate religion and maintained the need for the individual to
live a proper life in the service of God. The role of government changed in the
early sixteenth century by downplaying the role of religion while alternatively
promoting the role of limited government to protect private property and
individual rights.
Q2 How should government be designed to achieve its purposes?
A2 According fto fPlato fthe fphilosopher-king’s fwisdom fand fintellect fwould fpromote
f order, fstability fand fjustice. fYet, fAristotle ftakes fa fmore frealistic fview fof
fAthenian f society fby fadvocating fthe fbest fform fof fgovernment fas fa fpolity,
fwhich fcombined f oligarchic fand fdemocratic felements fto fproduce fpolitical
fstability. fThe fRomans f combined fmonarchical, faristocratic, fand fdemocratic
fprinciples fas fa fmixed f government fwithin frepresentative fbodies flike fthe
fSenate fand fthe fAssembly fin f order f to fchampion fthe fcauses fof fboth fthe frich
fand fthe fpoor. fGovernment fin ftheMiddle f Ages fwas fdetermined fthrough fdivine
fright, fwhereby fa fmonarch for fPope f was f ordained fby fGod fto frule. fHence,
fwisdom fand fvirtue frested fwithin fthese ffew f individuals fwho fgoverned fto
fpromote freligious flife fand fprotect fthe freligious f establishment. fThe
fRenaissance, fProtestant fReformation, fand fEnlightenment f Periods fshifted fthe
frole fof fgovernment ffrom fupholding freligious fdoctrine fto f secular f concerns,
fsuch fas fprotecting finalienable frights, fincluding fprivate f property, fand
f promoting fcommerce. fIn fturn, fEnlightenment fpolitical
© f2023 fTaylor f& fFrancis
, 4
philosophers flargely fappealed fto findividualism fand fnot freligious fhierarchy fas
fameans f to fprovide forder fand fstability fin fwhich findividuals fcould fflourish.
Q3 What flessons fabout fgovernment fdid fcolonial fAmericans fdraw ffrom fthe fhistory
fofancient fGreece fand f Rome?
A3 Plato fwas fsuspicious fof fdemocracy’s frule fof fthe fmany fbecause fgood
fgovernment f would fdecay finto fmob frule. fHence, fthe fpassions fof fthe fmasses
fneeded fto fbe f quelled f by fmore faristocratic felements. fWith fthis fproblem fin
fmind, fthe fFramers fofthe fU.S. f Constitution freferenced fthe finstitutional fdesign fof
fthe fRoman frepublic fadhered fto f the ftradition fof fmixed fgovernment finitially
fexpounded fby fAristotle f and fthe fRomans. f This fwas fmaintained fin fthe findirect
fselection fof fboth fthe fSenateand fthe fpresidency f within fthe fConstitution.
fAristotle falso fadvocated fmixing faristocratic fand fdemocratic f elements fin fa
fgoverning fstructure fcalled fa fpolity. fIn feffect, fthis fgovernmental fdesign
f allowed fthe ffew fand fthe fmany fto fparticipate fin fthe fpolitics fproviding fan
forderly f society fwhere fthe fpoor fshould fbe fable fto fselect f government fofficials
fwho fwere fheld f accountable. fThis fwas falso fmade fmanifest finthe fConstitution
fwith fits faristocratic-like f Senate fand fthe fmore fdemocratic fHouse fof
fRepresentatives. fThus fthe fAmerican f republic’s fConstitution festablished
finstitutional fpowers fto fgovern faccording fto fthe f rule fof flaw. fWhile fthe
fFramers frejected fthe freligious fhierarchy fof fthe fMiddle fAges, f they fappealed
fto finalienable frights fendowed fupon fevery findividual fby fGod, fper fthe
f writings fof fJohn fLocke, fin fwhich fa fjust fgovernment fand fsociety fcould fnot fbe
f impeded.
Q4 What fcircumstances fled fEuropeans fto fleave ftheir fhomelands fto fsettle fin fAmerica?
A4 Individuals fimmigrated fto fthe fcolonies fto fescape freligious fpersecution fand fcivil
f unrest fafter fthe fEnglish fCivil fWar fand fto fpursue fsocial fand feconomic
f opportunities. f Colonists fenjoyed fa fvast farray fof fnatural fresources fand fa
flarge f geographical farea f where ffreedom fof freligion fand feconomic
fopportunity fflourished. fAlso, ftheir f heterogeneous fsocial fcomposition fas fwell fas
fcontinual fpromotion fof fideals, fsuch fas f equality fand ftolerance, ftended fto
fpromote fpolitical ffreedom fat fthe fsame ftime fthat f social fexpansion fof fthe
fpopulation fwas foccurring.
Q5 What fdid fdemocracy fmean fto four fcolonial fancestors, fand fdid fthey fapprove fit?
A5 The fcolonists fwere fskeptical fof fdemocracy fand fviewed fthis ftype fof fgoverning
f authority fas fmob frule. fSociety fwas flargely fseen fas fsegmented finto fthose fwho
f should f rule fand fthose fwho fshould fnot. fIn ffact, fthe fFounders fbelieved fthat fthe
felite f(well- f educated, fland fowners) fshould foccupy fpositions fof fleadership.
fThus, f an faristocratic f element fwithin fgovernment fwas fnecessary fto fprotect
fagainst fthethreat fof fmob frule f historically fassociated fwith fdemocracy.
fFundamentally, fthe fidea fof frepublicanism f was fpromoted fas fan fideal fat fa
fhigher flevel fthan f democracy. fThis fwas fmade fmost f manifest fin fthe ftendency fto
fprefer fmixed
© 2023 Taylor & Francis
SOLUTION MANUAL
American Government: Political
Development and Institutional Change
12th Edition by Cal Jillson, All Chapters 1 - 16
, 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Chapter 1 The Origins of American Political Principles
2. Chapter 2 The Revolution and the Constitution
3. Chapter 3 Federalism and American Political Development
4. Chapter 4 Political Socialization and Public Opinion
5. Chapter 5 The Mass Media and the Political Agenda
6. Chapter 6 Interest Groups: The Politics of Influence
7. Chapter 7 Political Parties: Winning the Right to Govern
8. Chapter 8 Voting, Campaigns, and Elections
9. Chapter 9 Congress: Partisanship, Polarization, and Gridlock
10. Chapter 10 The President: Executive Power in a Separation of Powers Regime
11. Chapter 11 Bureaucracy: Redesigning Government for the Twenty-First Century
12. Chapter 12 The Federal Courts: Activism versus Restraint
13. Chapter 13 Civil Liberties: Ordered Liberty in America
14. Chapter 14 Civil Rights: Where Liberty and Equality Collide
15. Chapter 15 Government, The Economy, and Domestic Policy
16. Chapter 16 America’s Global Role in the Twenty-First Century
, 3
Chapter 1
THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN POLITICAL PRINCIPLES
FOCUS QUESTIONS
Q1 What are the broad purposes of government?
A1 The ancients believed the role of government and politics was to foster human
excellence. However, it is imperative to remember that the Greeks and Romans
believed the virtuous should rule according to natural law. Furthermore, valuesof
equality and order would be served through a society based upon the rule
oflaw to provide for the common good. In the Middle Ages, government was
largely used to facilitate religion and maintained the need for the individual to
live a proper life in the service of God. The role of government changed in the
early sixteenth century by downplaying the role of religion while alternatively
promoting the role of limited government to protect private property and
individual rights.
Q2 How should government be designed to achieve its purposes?
A2 According fto fPlato fthe fphilosopher-king’s fwisdom fand fintellect fwould fpromote
f order, fstability fand fjustice. fYet, fAristotle ftakes fa fmore frealistic fview fof
fAthenian f society fby fadvocating fthe fbest fform fof fgovernment fas fa fpolity,
fwhich fcombined f oligarchic fand fdemocratic felements fto fproduce fpolitical
fstability. fThe fRomans f combined fmonarchical, faristocratic, fand fdemocratic
fprinciples fas fa fmixed f government fwithin frepresentative fbodies flike fthe
fSenate fand fthe fAssembly fin f order f to fchampion fthe fcauses fof fboth fthe frich
fand fthe fpoor. fGovernment fin ftheMiddle f Ages fwas fdetermined fthrough fdivine
fright, fwhereby fa fmonarch for fPope f was f ordained fby fGod fto frule. fHence,
fwisdom fand fvirtue frested fwithin fthese ffew f individuals fwho fgoverned fto
fpromote freligious flife fand fprotect fthe freligious f establishment. fThe
fRenaissance, fProtestant fReformation, fand fEnlightenment f Periods fshifted fthe
frole fof fgovernment ffrom fupholding freligious fdoctrine fto f secular f concerns,
fsuch fas fprotecting finalienable frights, fincluding fprivate f property, fand
f promoting fcommerce. fIn fturn, fEnlightenment fpolitical
© f2023 fTaylor f& fFrancis
, 4
philosophers flargely fappealed fto findividualism fand fnot freligious fhierarchy fas
fameans f to fprovide forder fand fstability fin fwhich findividuals fcould fflourish.
Q3 What flessons fabout fgovernment fdid fcolonial fAmericans fdraw ffrom fthe fhistory
fofancient fGreece fand f Rome?
A3 Plato fwas fsuspicious fof fdemocracy’s frule fof fthe fmany fbecause fgood
fgovernment f would fdecay finto fmob frule. fHence, fthe fpassions fof fthe fmasses
fneeded fto fbe f quelled f by fmore faristocratic felements. fWith fthis fproblem fin
fmind, fthe fFramers fofthe fU.S. f Constitution freferenced fthe finstitutional fdesign fof
fthe fRoman frepublic fadhered fto f the ftradition fof fmixed fgovernment finitially
fexpounded fby fAristotle f and fthe fRomans. f This fwas fmaintained fin fthe findirect
fselection fof fboth fthe fSenateand fthe fpresidency f within fthe fConstitution.
fAristotle falso fadvocated fmixing faristocratic fand fdemocratic f elements fin fa
fgoverning fstructure fcalled fa fpolity. fIn feffect, fthis fgovernmental fdesign
f allowed fthe ffew fand fthe fmany fto fparticipate fin fthe fpolitics fproviding fan
forderly f society fwhere fthe fpoor fshould fbe fable fto fselect f government fofficials
fwho fwere fheld f accountable. fThis fwas falso fmade fmanifest finthe fConstitution
fwith fits faristocratic-like f Senate fand fthe fmore fdemocratic fHouse fof
fRepresentatives. fThus fthe fAmerican f republic’s fConstitution festablished
finstitutional fpowers fto fgovern faccording fto fthe f rule fof flaw. fWhile fthe
fFramers frejected fthe freligious fhierarchy fof fthe fMiddle fAges, f they fappealed
fto finalienable frights fendowed fupon fevery findividual fby fGod, fper fthe
f writings fof fJohn fLocke, fin fwhich fa fjust fgovernment fand fsociety fcould fnot fbe
f impeded.
Q4 What fcircumstances fled fEuropeans fto fleave ftheir fhomelands fto fsettle fin fAmerica?
A4 Individuals fimmigrated fto fthe fcolonies fto fescape freligious fpersecution fand fcivil
f unrest fafter fthe fEnglish fCivil fWar fand fto fpursue fsocial fand feconomic
f opportunities. f Colonists fenjoyed fa fvast farray fof fnatural fresources fand fa
flarge f geographical farea f where ffreedom fof freligion fand feconomic
fopportunity fflourished. fAlso, ftheir f heterogeneous fsocial fcomposition fas fwell fas
fcontinual fpromotion fof fideals, fsuch fas f equality fand ftolerance, ftended fto
fpromote fpolitical ffreedom fat fthe fsame ftime fthat f social fexpansion fof fthe
fpopulation fwas foccurring.
Q5 What fdid fdemocracy fmean fto four fcolonial fancestors, fand fdid fthey fapprove fit?
A5 The fcolonists fwere fskeptical fof fdemocracy fand fviewed fthis ftype fof fgoverning
f authority fas fmob frule. fSociety fwas flargely fseen fas fsegmented finto fthose fwho
f should f rule fand fthose fwho fshould fnot. fIn ffact, fthe fFounders fbelieved fthat fthe
felite f(well- f educated, fland fowners) fshould foccupy fpositions fof fleadership.
fThus, f an faristocratic f element fwithin fgovernment fwas fnecessary fto fprotect
fagainst fthethreat fof fmob frule f historically fassociated fwith fdemocracy.
fFundamentally, fthe fidea fof frepublicanism f was fpromoted fas fan fideal fat fa
fhigher flevel fthan f democracy. fThis fwas fmade fmost f manifest fin fthe ftendency fto
fprefer fmixed
© 2023 Taylor & Francis
