1
SOLUTION MANUAL
American Government: Political
Development and Institutional Change
12th Edition by Cal Jillson, All Chapters 1 - 16
, 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Chapter 1 The Origins of American Political Principles
2. Chapter 2 The Revolution and the Constitution
3. Chapter 3 Federalism and American Political Development
4. Chapter 4 Political Socialization and Public Opinion
5. Chapter 5 The Mass Media and the Political Agenda
6. Chapter 6 Interest Groups: The Politics of Influence
7. Chapter 7 Political Parties: Winning the Right to Govern
8. Chapter 8 Voting, Campaigns, and Elections
9. Chapter 9 Congress: Partisanship, Polarization, and Gridlock
10. Chapter 10 The President: Executive Power in a Separation of Powers Regime
11. Chapter 11 Bureaucracy: Redesigning Government for the Twenty-First Century
12. Chapter 12 The Federal Courts: Activism versus Restraint
13. Chapter 13 Civil Liberties: Ordered Liberty in America
14. Chapter 14 Civil Rights: Where Liberty and Equality Collide
15. Chapter 15 Government, The Economy, and Domestic Policy
16. Chapter 16 America’s Global Role in the Twenty-First Century
, 3
Chapter 1
THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN POLITICAL PRINCIPLES
FOCUS QUESTIONS
Q1 What are the broad purposes of government?
A1 The ancients believed the role of government and politics was to foster human
excellence. However, it is imperative to remember that the Greeks and Romans
believed the virtuous should rule according to natural law. Furthermore, valuesof
equality and order would be served through a society based upon the rule
oflaw to provide for the common good. In the Middle Ages, government was
largely used to facilitate religion and maintained the need for the individual to
live a proper life in the service of God. The role of government changed in the
early sixteenth century by downplaying the role of religion while alternatively
promoting the role of limited government to protect private property and
individual rights.
Q2 How should government be designed to achieve its purposes?
A2 According ato aPlato athe aphilosopher-king’s awisdom aand aintellect awould
apromote a order, astability aand ajustice. aYet, aAristotle atakes aa amore arealistic
aview aof aAthenian a society aby aadvocating athe abest aform aof agovernment aas
aa apolity, awhich acombined a oligarchic aand ademocratic aelements ato aproduce
apolitical astability. aThe aRomans a combined amonarchical, aaristocratic, aand
ademocratic aprinciples aas aa amixed a government awithin arepresentative abodies
alike athe aSenate aand athe aAssembly ain a order a to achampion athe acauses aof
aboth athe arich aand athe apoor. aGovernment ain atheMiddle a Ages awas
adetermined athrough adivine aright, awhereby aa amonarch aor aPope a was
a ordained aby aGod ato arule. aHence, awisdom aand avirtue arested awithin athese
afew a individuals awho agoverned ato apromote areligious alife aand aprotect athe
areligious a establishment. aThe aRenaissance, aProtestant aReformation, aand
aEnlightenment a Periods ashifted athe arole aof agovernment afrom aupholding
areligious adoctrine ato a secular a concerns, asuch aas aprotecting ainalienable
arights, aincluding aprivate a property, aand a promoting acommerce. aIn aturn,
aEnlightenment apolitical
© a2023 aTaylor a& aFrancis
, 4
philosophers alargely aappealed ato aindividualism aand anot areligious ahierarchy
aas aameans a to aprovide aorder aand astability ain awhich aindividuals acould
aflourish.
Q3 What alessons aabout agovernment adid acolonial aAmericans adraw afrom athe ahistory
aofancient aGreece a and a Rome?
A3 Plato awas asuspicious aof ademocracy’s arule aof athe amany a because agood
agovernment a would adecay ainto amob arule. aHence, athe apassions aof athe
amasses aneeded ato abe a quelled a by amore aaristocratic aelements. aWith athis
aproblem ain amind, athe aFramers aofthe aU.S. a Constitution areferenced athe
ainstitutional adesign aof athe aRoman arepublic aadhered ato a the atradition aof
amixed agovernment ainitially aexpounded aby aAristotle a and athe aRomans. a This
awas amaintained ain athe aindirect aselection aof aboth athe aSenateand athe
apresidency a within athe aConstitution. aAristotle aalso aadvocated amixing
a aristocratic aand ademocratic a elements ain aa agoverning astructure acalled aa
apolity. aIn aeffect, athis agovernmental adesign a allowed athe afew aand athe amany
ato aparticipate ain athe apolitics aproviding aan aorderly a society awhere athe apoor
ashould abe aable ato aselect a government aofficials awho awere aheld
a accountable. aThis awas aalso amade amanifest ainthe aConstitution awith aits
aaristocratic-like a Senate aand athe amore ademocratic aHouse a of
aRepresentatives. aThus athe aAmerican a republic’s aConstitution aestablished
a institutional apowers ato agovern aaccording ato athe a rule aof alaw. aWhile athe
aFramers arejected athe areligious ahierarchy aof athe aMiddle aAges, a they
aappealed ato ainalienable arights aendowed aupon aevery aindividual aby aGod,
aper athe a writings aof aJohn aLocke, ain awhich aa ajust agovernment aand asociety
acould anot abe a impeded.
Q4 What acircumstances aled aEuropeans ato aleave atheir ahomelands ato asettle ain aAmerica?
A4 Individuals aimmigrated ato athe acolonies ato aescape areligious apersecution aand
acivil a unrest aafter athe aEnglish aCivil aWar aand ato apursue asocial aand
aeconomic a opportunities. a Colonists aenjoyed aa avast aarray aof anatural
aresources aand aa alarge a geographical aarea a where afreedom aof areligion
aand aeconomic aopportunity a flourished. aAlso, atheir a heterogeneous asocial
acomposition aas awell aas acontinual a promotion aof aideals, asuch aas a equality
aand atolerance, atended ato apromote apolitical afreedom aat athe asame atime athat
a social aexpansion aof athe apopulation awas aoccurring.
Q5 What adid ademocracy amean ato aour acolonial aancestors, aand adid athey aapprove ait?
A5 The acolonists awere askeptical aof ademocracy aand aviewed athis atype aof
a governing a authority aas amob arule. aSociety awas alargely aseen aas asegmented
ainto athose awho a should a rule aand athose awho ashould anot. aIn afact, athe
aFounders abelieved athat athe a elite a(well- a educated, aland aowners) ashould
aoccupy apositions aof aleadership. aThus, a an aaristocratic a element awithin
agovernment awas anecessary ato aprotect aagainst athethreat aof amob arule
a historically aassociated awith ademocracy. aFundamentally, athe aidea aof
arepublicanism a was apromoted aas aan aideal aat aa ahigher alevel athan
a democracy. aThis awas amade amost a manifest ain athe atendency ato aprefer
amixed
© 2023 Taylor & Francis
SOLUTION MANUAL
American Government: Political
Development and Institutional Change
12th Edition by Cal Jillson, All Chapters 1 - 16
, 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Chapter 1 The Origins of American Political Principles
2. Chapter 2 The Revolution and the Constitution
3. Chapter 3 Federalism and American Political Development
4. Chapter 4 Political Socialization and Public Opinion
5. Chapter 5 The Mass Media and the Political Agenda
6. Chapter 6 Interest Groups: The Politics of Influence
7. Chapter 7 Political Parties: Winning the Right to Govern
8. Chapter 8 Voting, Campaigns, and Elections
9. Chapter 9 Congress: Partisanship, Polarization, and Gridlock
10. Chapter 10 The President: Executive Power in a Separation of Powers Regime
11. Chapter 11 Bureaucracy: Redesigning Government for the Twenty-First Century
12. Chapter 12 The Federal Courts: Activism versus Restraint
13. Chapter 13 Civil Liberties: Ordered Liberty in America
14. Chapter 14 Civil Rights: Where Liberty and Equality Collide
15. Chapter 15 Government, The Economy, and Domestic Policy
16. Chapter 16 America’s Global Role in the Twenty-First Century
, 3
Chapter 1
THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN POLITICAL PRINCIPLES
FOCUS QUESTIONS
Q1 What are the broad purposes of government?
A1 The ancients believed the role of government and politics was to foster human
excellence. However, it is imperative to remember that the Greeks and Romans
believed the virtuous should rule according to natural law. Furthermore, valuesof
equality and order would be served through a society based upon the rule
oflaw to provide for the common good. In the Middle Ages, government was
largely used to facilitate religion and maintained the need for the individual to
live a proper life in the service of God. The role of government changed in the
early sixteenth century by downplaying the role of religion while alternatively
promoting the role of limited government to protect private property and
individual rights.
Q2 How should government be designed to achieve its purposes?
A2 According ato aPlato athe aphilosopher-king’s awisdom aand aintellect awould
apromote a order, astability aand ajustice. aYet, aAristotle atakes aa amore arealistic
aview aof aAthenian a society aby aadvocating athe abest aform aof agovernment aas
aa apolity, awhich acombined a oligarchic aand ademocratic aelements ato aproduce
apolitical astability. aThe aRomans a combined amonarchical, aaristocratic, aand
ademocratic aprinciples aas aa amixed a government awithin arepresentative abodies
alike athe aSenate aand athe aAssembly ain a order a to achampion athe acauses aof
aboth athe arich aand athe apoor. aGovernment ain atheMiddle a Ages awas
adetermined athrough adivine aright, awhereby aa amonarch aor aPope a was
a ordained aby aGod ato arule. aHence, awisdom aand avirtue arested awithin athese
afew a individuals awho agoverned ato apromote areligious alife aand aprotect athe
areligious a establishment. aThe aRenaissance, aProtestant aReformation, aand
aEnlightenment a Periods ashifted athe arole aof agovernment afrom aupholding
areligious adoctrine ato a secular a concerns, asuch aas aprotecting ainalienable
arights, aincluding aprivate a property, aand a promoting acommerce. aIn aturn,
aEnlightenment apolitical
© a2023 aTaylor a& aFrancis
, 4
philosophers alargely aappealed ato aindividualism aand anot areligious ahierarchy
aas aameans a to aprovide aorder aand astability ain awhich aindividuals acould
aflourish.
Q3 What alessons aabout agovernment adid acolonial aAmericans adraw afrom athe ahistory
aofancient aGreece a and a Rome?
A3 Plato awas asuspicious aof ademocracy’s arule aof athe amany a because agood
agovernment a would adecay ainto amob arule. aHence, athe apassions aof athe
amasses aneeded ato abe a quelled a by amore aaristocratic aelements. aWith athis
aproblem ain amind, athe aFramers aofthe aU.S. a Constitution areferenced athe
ainstitutional adesign aof athe aRoman arepublic aadhered ato a the atradition aof
amixed agovernment ainitially aexpounded aby aAristotle a and athe aRomans. a This
awas amaintained ain athe aindirect aselection aof aboth athe aSenateand athe
apresidency a within athe aConstitution. aAristotle aalso aadvocated amixing
a aristocratic aand ademocratic a elements ain aa agoverning astructure acalled aa
apolity. aIn aeffect, athis agovernmental adesign a allowed athe afew aand athe amany
ato aparticipate ain athe apolitics aproviding aan aorderly a society awhere athe apoor
ashould abe aable ato aselect a government aofficials awho awere aheld
a accountable. aThis awas aalso amade amanifest ainthe aConstitution awith aits
aaristocratic-like a Senate aand athe amore ademocratic aHouse a of
aRepresentatives. aThus athe aAmerican a republic’s aConstitution aestablished
a institutional apowers ato agovern aaccording ato athe a rule aof alaw. aWhile athe
aFramers arejected athe areligious ahierarchy aof athe aMiddle aAges, a they
aappealed ato ainalienable arights aendowed aupon aevery aindividual aby aGod,
aper athe a writings aof aJohn aLocke, ain awhich aa ajust agovernment aand asociety
acould anot abe a impeded.
Q4 What acircumstances aled aEuropeans ato aleave atheir ahomelands ato asettle ain aAmerica?
A4 Individuals aimmigrated ato athe acolonies ato aescape areligious apersecution aand
acivil a unrest aafter athe aEnglish aCivil aWar aand ato apursue asocial aand
aeconomic a opportunities. a Colonists aenjoyed aa avast aarray aof anatural
aresources aand aa alarge a geographical aarea a where afreedom aof areligion
aand aeconomic aopportunity a flourished. aAlso, atheir a heterogeneous asocial
acomposition aas awell aas acontinual a promotion aof aideals, asuch aas a equality
aand atolerance, atended ato apromote apolitical afreedom aat athe asame atime athat
a social aexpansion aof athe apopulation awas aoccurring.
Q5 What adid ademocracy amean ato aour acolonial aancestors, aand adid athey aapprove ait?
A5 The acolonists awere askeptical aof ademocracy aand aviewed athis atype aof
a governing a authority aas amob arule. aSociety awas alargely aseen aas asegmented
ainto athose awho a should a rule aand athose awho ashould anot. aIn afact, athe
aFounders abelieved athat athe a elite a(well- a educated, aland aowners) ashould
aoccupy apositions aof aleadership. aThus, a an aaristocratic a element awithin
agovernment awas anecessary ato aprotect aagainst athethreat aof amob arule
a historically aassociated awith ademocracy. aFundamentally, athe aidea aof
arepublicanism a was apromoted aas aan aideal aat aa ahigher alevel athan
a democracy. aThis awas amade amost a manifest ain athe atendency ato aprefer
amixed
© 2023 Taylor & Francis
