____ is the transfer of gases between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries. - correct answer- Diffusion
______ is the flow of gases into and out of the alveoli of the lungs. - correct answer- Ventilation
1. __________ is a systemic treatment that enables drugs to reach the site of the tumor as well as other distant sites
2. The profound weight loss and wasting of fat and tissue that accompany cancer is known as ______. - correct
answer- 1. Chemotherapy
2. Cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome
6 y/o Tommy is brought in by his mom today for complaints of vomiting and diarrhea. He does not have a fever. His
stool is hemoccult negative (no blood). His younger sibling has similar symptoms. You diagnose Tommy with viral
gastroenteritis. What is the best treatment plan for this patient? Explain your reasoning. - correct answer- Fluid and
electrolyte replacement to prevent dehydration. Most acute episodes of diarrhea will subside on their own and require
no treatment.
,(An answer of dehydration prevention should be awarded 3.5 points. Full credit should be awarded if preventative
measures are listed and the fact that this typically resolves on its own.)
6 y/o Tommy is brought in by his mom today for complaints of vomiting and diarrhea. He does not have a fever. His
stool is hemoccult negative (no blood). His younger sibling has similar symptoms. You diagnose Tommy with viral
gastroenteritis. Would you categorize this condition as inflammatory or non-inflammatory? - correct answer- Non-
inflammatory
A 10-year-old boy who is having an acute asthma attack is brought to the ER. He is observed to be sitting up and
struggling to breathe. His breathing is accompanied by use of accessory muscles, a weak cough, and audible wheezing
sounds. His pulse is rapid and weak, and both heart and breath sounds are distant on auscultation. His parents relate
that his asthma began to worsen after he developed a "cold," and now he doesn't get relief from his albuterol inhaler.
Explain the changes in physiologic function underlying his signs and symptoms. - correct answer- Recruitment of
inflammatory cells from the bloodstream into the bronchial wall, where they directly attack the invading organisms and
secrete inflammatory chemicals that are toxic to the organisms causes airway inflammation. Swelling of the bronchial
wall, mucus secretion, constriction of the airway; bronchial hyper-responsiveness to stimuli causes airway obstruction
or narrowing. They may discuss on a cellular level as well:
Upon a trigger, the cascade of neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and mast cells cause epithelial injury. This causes
airway inflammation, which further increases hyperresponsiveess and decreased airflow. Mast cells release histamine
,and leukotrienes. These cause major bronchoconstriction, inflammation, and mucus secretion. Mast cells can trigger
multiple cytokine release, which causes more airway inflammation. The contraction of the airways and subsequent
swelling leads to further airway obstruction.
A 12-year-old female presents with itchy eyes, nasal congestion and drainage, and sneezing every spring when the
pollen count is high.
(1) Explain the immunologic mechanisms that are responsible for her symptoms.
(2) What type(s) of treatment might be used to relieve her symptoms? - correct answer- (1) Mast cells, basophils,
and eosinophils play an important role with type I reactions because they contain histamines. Primary response is
vasodilation, vascular leakage, and smooth muscle contraction. Late-phase response is more intense with eosinophils
and other acute and chronic inflammatory cells, as well as tissue damage. (2) Antihistamines.
A 23-year-old African-American man with a history of severe lifelong anemia requiring many transfusions has
nonhealing leg ulcers and recurrent periods of abdominal and chest pain. These signs and symptoms are most likely to
be associated with which one of the following laboratory abnormalities? - correct answer- Sickle cells on peripheral
blood smear
A 45-year-old woman presents with fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance. Lab findings show a low serum T4 and
elevated TSH.
1. What diagnosis would her history and lab findings indicate?
, 2. What type of treatment should be given? - correct answer- 1. Hypothyroidism
2. Synthetic T4 thyroid hormone, thyroxine
A 72-year-old male is said to be in phase 3 of gout. He is obese and has a history of alcohol abuse. Develop a treatment
plan including specific pharmacologic intervention and a non-pharmacologic recommendation to manage his disease. -
correct answer- Phase 3 of gout is called inter-critical gout. The patient is asymptomatic, and no joint abnormalities
are present. The goal of treatment in this phase is to maintain normal uric acid levels and prevent progression of the
disease. Allopurinol is a prescription drug that is used to reduce uric acid levels. This patient should be encouraged to
lose weight and decrease his alcohol consumption. He should also avoid purine-rich foods such as fish, bacon, and liver.
A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by his spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports that they were
cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband's speech was very unclear. When
she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that the entire right side of his face felt numb. She
reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical history of atrial fibrillation. A CT scan confirms that this patient
has suffered from an ischemic CVA. What is the best treatment plan for this patient? Explain your reasoning. - correct
answer- This patient should receive tPA drugs, as they are within the 3-4.5 hour treatment window.
A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by his spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports that they were
cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband's speech was very unclear. When
she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that the entire right side of his face felt numb. She
______ is the flow of gases into and out of the alveoli of the lungs. - correct answer- Ventilation
1. __________ is a systemic treatment that enables drugs to reach the site of the tumor as well as other distant sites
2. The profound weight loss and wasting of fat and tissue that accompany cancer is known as ______. - correct
answer- 1. Chemotherapy
2. Cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome
6 y/o Tommy is brought in by his mom today for complaints of vomiting and diarrhea. He does not have a fever. His
stool is hemoccult negative (no blood). His younger sibling has similar symptoms. You diagnose Tommy with viral
gastroenteritis. What is the best treatment plan for this patient? Explain your reasoning. - correct answer- Fluid and
electrolyte replacement to prevent dehydration. Most acute episodes of diarrhea will subside on their own and require
no treatment.
,(An answer of dehydration prevention should be awarded 3.5 points. Full credit should be awarded if preventative
measures are listed and the fact that this typically resolves on its own.)
6 y/o Tommy is brought in by his mom today for complaints of vomiting and diarrhea. He does not have a fever. His
stool is hemoccult negative (no blood). His younger sibling has similar symptoms. You diagnose Tommy with viral
gastroenteritis. Would you categorize this condition as inflammatory or non-inflammatory? - correct answer- Non-
inflammatory
A 10-year-old boy who is having an acute asthma attack is brought to the ER. He is observed to be sitting up and
struggling to breathe. His breathing is accompanied by use of accessory muscles, a weak cough, and audible wheezing
sounds. His pulse is rapid and weak, and both heart and breath sounds are distant on auscultation. His parents relate
that his asthma began to worsen after he developed a "cold," and now he doesn't get relief from his albuterol inhaler.
Explain the changes in physiologic function underlying his signs and symptoms. - correct answer- Recruitment of
inflammatory cells from the bloodstream into the bronchial wall, where they directly attack the invading organisms and
secrete inflammatory chemicals that are toxic to the organisms causes airway inflammation. Swelling of the bronchial
wall, mucus secretion, constriction of the airway; bronchial hyper-responsiveness to stimuli causes airway obstruction
or narrowing. They may discuss on a cellular level as well:
Upon a trigger, the cascade of neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and mast cells cause epithelial injury. This causes
airway inflammation, which further increases hyperresponsiveess and decreased airflow. Mast cells release histamine
,and leukotrienes. These cause major bronchoconstriction, inflammation, and mucus secretion. Mast cells can trigger
multiple cytokine release, which causes more airway inflammation. The contraction of the airways and subsequent
swelling leads to further airway obstruction.
A 12-year-old female presents with itchy eyes, nasal congestion and drainage, and sneezing every spring when the
pollen count is high.
(1) Explain the immunologic mechanisms that are responsible for her symptoms.
(2) What type(s) of treatment might be used to relieve her symptoms? - correct answer- (1) Mast cells, basophils,
and eosinophils play an important role with type I reactions because they contain histamines. Primary response is
vasodilation, vascular leakage, and smooth muscle contraction. Late-phase response is more intense with eosinophils
and other acute and chronic inflammatory cells, as well as tissue damage. (2) Antihistamines.
A 23-year-old African-American man with a history of severe lifelong anemia requiring many transfusions has
nonhealing leg ulcers and recurrent periods of abdominal and chest pain. These signs and symptoms are most likely to
be associated with which one of the following laboratory abnormalities? - correct answer- Sickle cells on peripheral
blood smear
A 45-year-old woman presents with fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance. Lab findings show a low serum T4 and
elevated TSH.
1. What diagnosis would her history and lab findings indicate?
, 2. What type of treatment should be given? - correct answer- 1. Hypothyroidism
2. Synthetic T4 thyroid hormone, thyroxine
A 72-year-old male is said to be in phase 3 of gout. He is obese and has a history of alcohol abuse. Develop a treatment
plan including specific pharmacologic intervention and a non-pharmacologic recommendation to manage his disease. -
correct answer- Phase 3 of gout is called inter-critical gout. The patient is asymptomatic, and no joint abnormalities
are present. The goal of treatment in this phase is to maintain normal uric acid levels and prevent progression of the
disease. Allopurinol is a prescription drug that is used to reduce uric acid levels. This patient should be encouraged to
lose weight and decrease his alcohol consumption. He should also avoid purine-rich foods such as fish, bacon, and liver.
A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by his spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports that they were
cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband's speech was very unclear. When
she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that the entire right side of his face felt numb. She
reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical history of atrial fibrillation. A CT scan confirms that this patient
has suffered from an ischemic CVA. What is the best treatment plan for this patient? Explain your reasoning. - correct
answer- This patient should receive tPA drugs, as they are within the 3-4.5 hour treatment window.
A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by his spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports that they were
cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband's speech was very unclear. When
she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that the entire right side of his face felt numb. She
