HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM
HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2025/2026
COMPLETE 100 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY
GRADED A+
A 43-year-old female has recently been diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
glomerulonephritis. She has presented to the out-client department to have a renal biopsy.
Knowing the usual treatment options, the nurse should anticipate educating the client (who
has a positive biopsy result) on which of the following medications being prescribed? Select
all that apply.
A. Lasix, a diuretic
B. Prednisone, a corticosteroid
C. Captopril, an ACE inhibitor
D. Ampicillin, an antibiotic - Answer ✓✓B. Prednisone, a corticosteroid
C. Captopril, an ACE inhibitor
The most recent assessment of a client with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes indicates a
heightened risk of diabetic nephropathy. Which of the following assessment findings is most
suggestive of this increased risk?
A. Microalbuminuria
B. Hematuria
TEST BANK A+ 1
, HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM
C. Orthostatic hypotension
D. Diabetic retinopathy - Answer ✓✓A. Microalbuminuria
If a client with a kidney stone has the "classic" ureteral colic, the client will describe his pain
as: Select all that apply.
A. Acute, intermittent
B. Diffuse over the entire lower back and legs
C. Excruciating
D. In the flank and upper outer quadrant of the abdomen - Answer ✓✓A. Acute, intermittent
C. Excruciating
D. In the flank and upper outer quadrant of the abdomen
A young child has been diagnosed with Wilms tumor after his mother discovered an unusual
mass, prompting a diagnostic workup. Which of the following characteristics is typical of
Wilms tumor? The tumor is usually:
A) Asymptomatic
B) Self-limiting
C) A secondary neoplasm
D) Encapsulated - Answer ✓✓D) Encapsulated
A diabetic client with a history of hypertension may receive a prescription for which
medication to provide a renal protective effect by reducing intraglomerular pressure? Select
all that apply.
A) Loop diuretics
B) ACE inhibitors
TEST BANK A+ 2
, HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM
C) Angiotensin receptor blockers
D) Calcium channel blockers
E) A digitalis preparation - Answer ✓✓B) ACE inhibitors
C) Angiotensin receptor blockers
Which of the following individuals likely faces the greatest risk for the development of chronic
kidney disease?
A) A first-time mother who recently lost 1.5 L of blood during a postpartum hemorrhage
B) A client whose diagnosis of thyroid cancer necessitated a thyroidectomy
C) A client who experienced a hemorrhagic stroke and now has sensory and motor deficits
D) A client with a recent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes who does not monitor his blood sugars
or control his diet - Answer ✓✓D) A client with a recent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes who
does not monitor his blood sugars or control his diet
The primary care provider for a newly admitted hospital client has added the glomerular
filtration rate (GFR) to the blood work scheduled for this morning. The client's GFR results
return as 50 mL/minute/1.73 m2. The nurse explains to the client that this result represents:
A) A need to increase water intake
B) The kidneys are functioning normally
C) A loss of over half the client's normal kidney function
D) Concentrated urine - Answer ✓✓C) A loss of over half the client's normal kidney function
As chronic kidney disease progresses, the second stage (renal insufficiency) is identified by:
A) Decrease in GFR of 60 to 89 mL/minute/1.73 m2
B) Decrease in GFR to 30 to 59 mL/minute/1.73 m2
TEST BANK A+ 3
, HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM
C) GFR decrease to 15 to 29 mL/minute/1.73 m2
D) Diminished GFR to less than 15 mL/minute/1.73 m2 - Answer ✓✓A) Decrease in GFR of 60
to 89 mL/minute/1.73 m2
As nitrogenous wastes increase in the blood, the CKD client may exhibit which of the
following clinical manifestations? Select all that apply.
A. Numbness in lower extremities
B. Photophobia
C. Extremely low platelet counts
D. Restless leg syndrome
E. Pruritis - Answer ✓✓A. Numbness in lower extremities
D. Restless leg syndrome
E. Pruritis
A client with a diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) may require the administration of
which of the following drugs to treat coexisting conditions that carry a high mortality?
A) Antihypertensive medications
B) Antiarrhythmic medications
C) Opioid analgesics
D) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) - Answer ✓✓A) Antihypertensive
medications
The nurse is providing care for a client who has a diagnosis of kidney failure. Which of the
following laboratory findings is consistent with this client's diagnosis?
A) Elevation in vitamin D levels
TEST BANK A+ 4
FINAL EXAM
HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2025/2026
COMPLETE 100 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY
GRADED A+
A 43-year-old female has recently been diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
glomerulonephritis. She has presented to the out-client department to have a renal biopsy.
Knowing the usual treatment options, the nurse should anticipate educating the client (who
has a positive biopsy result) on which of the following medications being prescribed? Select
all that apply.
A. Lasix, a diuretic
B. Prednisone, a corticosteroid
C. Captopril, an ACE inhibitor
D. Ampicillin, an antibiotic - Answer ✓✓B. Prednisone, a corticosteroid
C. Captopril, an ACE inhibitor
The most recent assessment of a client with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes indicates a
heightened risk of diabetic nephropathy. Which of the following assessment findings is most
suggestive of this increased risk?
A. Microalbuminuria
B. Hematuria
TEST BANK A+ 1
, HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM
C. Orthostatic hypotension
D. Diabetic retinopathy - Answer ✓✓A. Microalbuminuria
If a client with a kidney stone has the "classic" ureteral colic, the client will describe his pain
as: Select all that apply.
A. Acute, intermittent
B. Diffuse over the entire lower back and legs
C. Excruciating
D. In the flank and upper outer quadrant of the abdomen - Answer ✓✓A. Acute, intermittent
C. Excruciating
D. In the flank and upper outer quadrant of the abdomen
A young child has been diagnosed with Wilms tumor after his mother discovered an unusual
mass, prompting a diagnostic workup. Which of the following characteristics is typical of
Wilms tumor? The tumor is usually:
A) Asymptomatic
B) Self-limiting
C) A secondary neoplasm
D) Encapsulated - Answer ✓✓D) Encapsulated
A diabetic client with a history of hypertension may receive a prescription for which
medication to provide a renal protective effect by reducing intraglomerular pressure? Select
all that apply.
A) Loop diuretics
B) ACE inhibitors
TEST BANK A+ 2
, HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM
C) Angiotensin receptor blockers
D) Calcium channel blockers
E) A digitalis preparation - Answer ✓✓B) ACE inhibitors
C) Angiotensin receptor blockers
Which of the following individuals likely faces the greatest risk for the development of chronic
kidney disease?
A) A first-time mother who recently lost 1.5 L of blood during a postpartum hemorrhage
B) A client whose diagnosis of thyroid cancer necessitated a thyroidectomy
C) A client who experienced a hemorrhagic stroke and now has sensory and motor deficits
D) A client with a recent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes who does not monitor his blood sugars
or control his diet - Answer ✓✓D) A client with a recent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes who
does not monitor his blood sugars or control his diet
The primary care provider for a newly admitted hospital client has added the glomerular
filtration rate (GFR) to the blood work scheduled for this morning. The client's GFR results
return as 50 mL/minute/1.73 m2. The nurse explains to the client that this result represents:
A) A need to increase water intake
B) The kidneys are functioning normally
C) A loss of over half the client's normal kidney function
D) Concentrated urine - Answer ✓✓C) A loss of over half the client's normal kidney function
As chronic kidney disease progresses, the second stage (renal insufficiency) is identified by:
A) Decrease in GFR of 60 to 89 mL/minute/1.73 m2
B) Decrease in GFR to 30 to 59 mL/minute/1.73 m2
TEST BANK A+ 3
, HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM
C) GFR decrease to 15 to 29 mL/minute/1.73 m2
D) Diminished GFR to less than 15 mL/minute/1.73 m2 - Answer ✓✓A) Decrease in GFR of 60
to 89 mL/minute/1.73 m2
As nitrogenous wastes increase in the blood, the CKD client may exhibit which of the
following clinical manifestations? Select all that apply.
A. Numbness in lower extremities
B. Photophobia
C. Extremely low platelet counts
D. Restless leg syndrome
E. Pruritis - Answer ✓✓A. Numbness in lower extremities
D. Restless leg syndrome
E. Pruritis
A client with a diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) may require the administration of
which of the following drugs to treat coexisting conditions that carry a high mortality?
A) Antihypertensive medications
B) Antiarrhythmic medications
C) Opioid analgesics
D) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) - Answer ✓✓A) Antihypertensive
medications
The nurse is providing care for a client who has a diagnosis of kidney failure. Which of the
following laboratory findings is consistent with this client's diagnosis?
A) Elevation in vitamin D levels
TEST BANK A+ 4
