BIOL 5600 Final Exam Test Questions
With 100% Correct Answers (2025-
2026) Update.
What are the steps of respiration? (following O2 and then following CO2) - Answer 1) O2 from
Environment air to the lung
2) Transport of O2 from the lung to the blood
3) Transport of O2 from blood to the tissue
4) Transport of O2 from the tissue to the mitochondria where cellular respiration takes place
-Following CO2 is just the exact opposite starting with the decarboxylation in the TCA cycle
external respiration - Answer exchanging O2/CO2 between air in lungs and blood
gas transport - Answer transport of O2 to body cells and return of CO2
internal respiration - Answer exchange of CO2/O2 between blood and body cells
cellular respiration - Answer using O2 in cell processes and production of CO2
Step "O2 from environment air to the lungs; moving air into and out of the lungs"- what is this
step called - Answer Ventilation (breathing)
Lungs are divided into major groups? - Answer Airways and the Terminal Air sacs
Airways are divided into what two major categories? - Answer Upper and Lower airways
upper airways - Answer nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx
What are the roles of the upper airways? What are the reasons for these roles? - Answer Warm
the air as it is taken into the lung
,Add water vapor to the air as your are breathing in
-Keeps the wet surfaces of deep part of lungs from drying out
Nose (volume of nose, volume that passes through the nose, role of the nose) - Answer Volume
of nasal cavity is 20ml
Volume of air that passes through the nose is between 10,000 and 15,000 L
Primarily a particulate filter (filters out above 10 microns in diameter)
Has nasal terminates which are folds that increase the surface area of the nose and help it filter
out particles
Lined with ciliated goblet cells that helps to secrete mucus and beat mucus out with cillia to
expel mucus
Sinuses (role) - Answer Sinuses: cavities that surround the nose and are lined with ciliated cells
that help move the mucus out of the upper airways and out of the nose
lower airways - Answer trachea, left/right bronchus, bronchioles; distributes air to alveoli; lined
with cilia and goblet cells
terminal air sacs - Answer alveoli
What are the functions of the lower airways? - Answer Function to distribute the air to the
terminal air sacs (alveoli)
Defense against irritation and infection for the lungs
The lower airways are lined with ______ __________ cells - Answer airway epithelial cells
What gives epithelial cells their name? - Answer Contact air
Epithelial cells are ____________ - Answer ciliated
About 1 in 5 of epithelial cells are __________ cells. What are their functions? - Answer Goblet
,mucus produced in patches where goblet cells are located and then beating of cilia spreads the
mucus along the entire surface of the airways equally which traps bacteria and particles and the
cilia beat in wave like function to upper airways so that it can be expelled from body
What is Peri ciliary layer? What allows for this - Answer Watery fluid produced by movement of
Cl- ions from the epithelial cells outward which pulls water with it located on the epithelial cells
under the mucus
Outward transport of Cl- must be greater than inward transport Na+ in order to keep water
moving outside with the Cl- and is the function of CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane
regulator)
Why is watery PCL important? What happens without it? - Answer Keeps mucus light density
and cilia can beat and move the mucus out easily
Cystic fibrosis bc issues with CFTR and loss of transportation of water
Chronic smoking does what to goblet cells? - Answer Destroys cilia on surface of airway of the
lung and inhibits mucus producing cells from producing mucus which leaves airway of lung
susceptible to infections
upper airways are lined with _________ and _________ - Answer cartridge and smooth muscle
Tracheal cartildige - Answer thick cartilage ring that surrounds trachea and forms a C
Absent where trachea bums up against euospageal wall which allows esophagus to expand
when swallowing food and pushes up against the wall of trachea so cant breath when
swallowing
The lower airways are surrounded by _________ ___________ - Answer smooth muscle
There is no diffusion of gas and no oxygen uptake in the _________ airways or _______ airways.
Why? - Answer Upper or lower
There is an abundance of smooth muscle in the lower airways and an abundance of cartilage
and smooth muscle in the upper airways
, How is the lung ventilated? - Answer Changes in pressure and volume
boyle's law - Answer The relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas.
P varies inversely with V
P = nRT/V
What muscles control the pressure and volume changes in the lungs - Answer Diaphragm and
intercostal muscles in the chest cavity (ribs)
what nerve innervates the diaphragm? - Answer phrenic nerve
what nerves innervate the intercostal muscles? - Answer intercostal nerves
When diaphram contracts downward and intercostal muscle contract spreading lungs upward
and downward, what happens to pressure? - Answer It goes down to 757mg from 760mg
Volume increases, pressure decreases
Inward inhalation is _________ process - Answer active
Exhalation is __________ process - Answer passive
pleural cavity - Answer fluid-filled space around the lungs; always has negative pressure - keeps
lungs from sticking to thoracic cavity wall
Keeps the Parietal Pleura and Visceral Pleura from touching
Why is negative pressure important in the pleural cavity? - Answer Pulls the two parietal layers
together and holds them together because when the lungs inflate (inhalation), chest cavity
move up and out and lungs move in and down which would pull the lung tissue away from chest
cavity but the pleural cavity prevents this allowing for lungs to expand
With 100% Correct Answers (2025-
2026) Update.
What are the steps of respiration? (following O2 and then following CO2) - Answer 1) O2 from
Environment air to the lung
2) Transport of O2 from the lung to the blood
3) Transport of O2 from blood to the tissue
4) Transport of O2 from the tissue to the mitochondria where cellular respiration takes place
-Following CO2 is just the exact opposite starting with the decarboxylation in the TCA cycle
external respiration - Answer exchanging O2/CO2 between air in lungs and blood
gas transport - Answer transport of O2 to body cells and return of CO2
internal respiration - Answer exchange of CO2/O2 between blood and body cells
cellular respiration - Answer using O2 in cell processes and production of CO2
Step "O2 from environment air to the lungs; moving air into and out of the lungs"- what is this
step called - Answer Ventilation (breathing)
Lungs are divided into major groups? - Answer Airways and the Terminal Air sacs
Airways are divided into what two major categories? - Answer Upper and Lower airways
upper airways - Answer nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx
What are the roles of the upper airways? What are the reasons for these roles? - Answer Warm
the air as it is taken into the lung
,Add water vapor to the air as your are breathing in
-Keeps the wet surfaces of deep part of lungs from drying out
Nose (volume of nose, volume that passes through the nose, role of the nose) - Answer Volume
of nasal cavity is 20ml
Volume of air that passes through the nose is between 10,000 and 15,000 L
Primarily a particulate filter (filters out above 10 microns in diameter)
Has nasal terminates which are folds that increase the surface area of the nose and help it filter
out particles
Lined with ciliated goblet cells that helps to secrete mucus and beat mucus out with cillia to
expel mucus
Sinuses (role) - Answer Sinuses: cavities that surround the nose and are lined with ciliated cells
that help move the mucus out of the upper airways and out of the nose
lower airways - Answer trachea, left/right bronchus, bronchioles; distributes air to alveoli; lined
with cilia and goblet cells
terminal air sacs - Answer alveoli
What are the functions of the lower airways? - Answer Function to distribute the air to the
terminal air sacs (alveoli)
Defense against irritation and infection for the lungs
The lower airways are lined with ______ __________ cells - Answer airway epithelial cells
What gives epithelial cells their name? - Answer Contact air
Epithelial cells are ____________ - Answer ciliated
About 1 in 5 of epithelial cells are __________ cells. What are their functions? - Answer Goblet
,mucus produced in patches where goblet cells are located and then beating of cilia spreads the
mucus along the entire surface of the airways equally which traps bacteria and particles and the
cilia beat in wave like function to upper airways so that it can be expelled from body
What is Peri ciliary layer? What allows for this - Answer Watery fluid produced by movement of
Cl- ions from the epithelial cells outward which pulls water with it located on the epithelial cells
under the mucus
Outward transport of Cl- must be greater than inward transport Na+ in order to keep water
moving outside with the Cl- and is the function of CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane
regulator)
Why is watery PCL important? What happens without it? - Answer Keeps mucus light density
and cilia can beat and move the mucus out easily
Cystic fibrosis bc issues with CFTR and loss of transportation of water
Chronic smoking does what to goblet cells? - Answer Destroys cilia on surface of airway of the
lung and inhibits mucus producing cells from producing mucus which leaves airway of lung
susceptible to infections
upper airways are lined with _________ and _________ - Answer cartridge and smooth muscle
Tracheal cartildige - Answer thick cartilage ring that surrounds trachea and forms a C
Absent where trachea bums up against euospageal wall which allows esophagus to expand
when swallowing food and pushes up against the wall of trachea so cant breath when
swallowing
The lower airways are surrounded by _________ ___________ - Answer smooth muscle
There is no diffusion of gas and no oxygen uptake in the _________ airways or _______ airways.
Why? - Answer Upper or lower
There is an abundance of smooth muscle in the lower airways and an abundance of cartilage
and smooth muscle in the upper airways
, How is the lung ventilated? - Answer Changes in pressure and volume
boyle's law - Answer The relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas.
P varies inversely with V
P = nRT/V
What muscles control the pressure and volume changes in the lungs - Answer Diaphragm and
intercostal muscles in the chest cavity (ribs)
what nerve innervates the diaphragm? - Answer phrenic nerve
what nerves innervate the intercostal muscles? - Answer intercostal nerves
When diaphram contracts downward and intercostal muscle contract spreading lungs upward
and downward, what happens to pressure? - Answer It goes down to 757mg from 760mg
Volume increases, pressure decreases
Inward inhalation is _________ process - Answer active
Exhalation is __________ process - Answer passive
pleural cavity - Answer fluid-filled space around the lungs; always has negative pressure - keeps
lungs from sticking to thoracic cavity wall
Keeps the Parietal Pleura and Visceral Pleura from touching
Why is negative pressure important in the pleural cavity? - Answer Pulls the two parietal layers
together and holds them together because when the lungs inflate (inhalation), chest cavity
move up and out and lungs move in and down which would pull the lung tissue away from chest
cavity but the pleural cavity prevents this allowing for lungs to expand
