NSG 122 Fundamental Concepts HESI Final EXAM 2025/2026
ACTUAL COMPLETE REAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
DETAILED CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) GRADED A+ /2025 LATEST
VERSION!!
Complication IV‐GERI - ANSWER-Aging causes the skin to lose
tone and elasticity and become fragile and prone to bruising.
Loss of subcutaneous tissue makes veins less stable, so
they're more apt to wiggle and roll under the skin as you try to
insert an I.V. device. All these changes make vein tears,
"blown" veins, and bruising more likely. Some IV complications
include phlebitis (inflammation of a vein), infiltration, air
embolism (when air bubble enters the vein), infection, and
hypervolemia.
Decubitus‐incontinent GERI - ANSWER-Moisture makes the
skin more susceptible to injury. Skin is compromised whether
moisture is from perspiration, wound drainage, urine, or stool.
Moisture can create an environment in which organisms can
multiply and the skin is more likely to blister, suffer abrasions,
and become macerated (softening/breaking down).
,IV administration‐KCl - ANSWER-IV potassium is never
administered by IV bolus and the infusion rate of KCl
(potassium chloride) solutions require careful monitoring. KCl
administered by IV should always be diluted in IV fluid and
infused via an IV pump. The maximum rate should not exceed
10 mEq/hr. The IV site should be monitored closely because
potassium chloride is irritating to veins and there is a risk for
phlebitis. The nurse should also monitor for infiltration. Monitor
urinary output as well and contact HCP if urinary output is less
than 30 mL/hr. An error in administration can result in
hyperkalemia, leading to a fatal cardiac arrhythmia.
Skin care‐immobile client - ANSWER-Cleanse skin routinely and
whenever any soiling occurs. Use a mild cleansing agent,
minimal friction, and avoid water.
Avoid massaging over bony prominences.
Protect skin from moisture associated with episodes of
incontinence or exposure to wound drainage.
Use lubricants, protective films, dressings, and padding to
diminish the effects of friction on the skin.
Maintain higher humidity in the environment and use skin
moisturizers for dry skin.
Sexuality‐GERI - ANSWER-Age-related changes in sexuality
and sexual function:
,Use of multiple medications: many medications have sexual
side effects and changes in medication dosage or modification
in the treatment regimen can reduce sexual dysfunction.
Dependence on alcohol or marijuana to cope with discomforts
of aging, resulting in weakened erection, reduced desire,
delayed ejaculation.
Age related metabolic disorders such as anemia, diabetes,
malnutrition, and fatigue may affect the quality of life and cause
impotence.
Obesity may damage cardiac and vascular integrity and reduce
self-esteem, resulting in decreased sexual performance and
interest.
Many older adult people are concerned that sexual activity
might increase the risk of illness or even death due to stress on
the heart or blood pressure. Radical surgeryor dysfunction of
the GU tract affects sexual capacity and libido. Extensive
surgery due to malignancy may make intercourse difficult or
impossible
End‐of‐life ‐pain - ANSWER-Pharmacological approach to EOL
pain
-Non opioids, opioids, and adjuvant
-continue to give pain meds - although higher doses are not
necessary
-Routes: oral, rectal, transdermal, topical, parenteral
, -discontinue all nonessential meds
-treatment for excessive secretions: atropine
Pain management - ANSWER-- Complementary health
approaches and integrated health pain relief measures can be
integrated with conventional medical pain treatments and
practiced in all health care settings.
- Analgesics are medications that relieve pain. The three
types are opioids, nonopioid analgesics, and adjuvant
analgesics.
- Eliminating sources of painful stimuli is a basic nursing
measure for promoting comfort.
- Morphine is considered the prototype opioid because it is
available in multiple dosage forms, has a fairly predictable
action, and is relatively inexpensive. - Sedation is an adverse
effect of opioids that always precedes respiratory depression.
Non Pharmacological Pain Management
- Distraction is used to decrease pain by having the client
focus attention on something specific, like a puzzle or watching
television and is best used for mild pain.
- Music therapy, similar to distraction, uses music to
soothe or decrease pain by affecting transmitters and is best
with acute pain.
- Cutaneous stimulation, such as with a TENS unit,
provides electrical stimulation to the skin's surface by affecting
ACTUAL COMPLETE REAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
DETAILED CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) GRADED A+ /2025 LATEST
VERSION!!
Complication IV‐GERI - ANSWER-Aging causes the skin to lose
tone and elasticity and become fragile and prone to bruising.
Loss of subcutaneous tissue makes veins less stable, so
they're more apt to wiggle and roll under the skin as you try to
insert an I.V. device. All these changes make vein tears,
"blown" veins, and bruising more likely. Some IV complications
include phlebitis (inflammation of a vein), infiltration, air
embolism (when air bubble enters the vein), infection, and
hypervolemia.
Decubitus‐incontinent GERI - ANSWER-Moisture makes the
skin more susceptible to injury. Skin is compromised whether
moisture is from perspiration, wound drainage, urine, or stool.
Moisture can create an environment in which organisms can
multiply and the skin is more likely to blister, suffer abrasions,
and become macerated (softening/breaking down).
,IV administration‐KCl - ANSWER-IV potassium is never
administered by IV bolus and the infusion rate of KCl
(potassium chloride) solutions require careful monitoring. KCl
administered by IV should always be diluted in IV fluid and
infused via an IV pump. The maximum rate should not exceed
10 mEq/hr. The IV site should be monitored closely because
potassium chloride is irritating to veins and there is a risk for
phlebitis. The nurse should also monitor for infiltration. Monitor
urinary output as well and contact HCP if urinary output is less
than 30 mL/hr. An error in administration can result in
hyperkalemia, leading to a fatal cardiac arrhythmia.
Skin care‐immobile client - ANSWER-Cleanse skin routinely and
whenever any soiling occurs. Use a mild cleansing agent,
minimal friction, and avoid water.
Avoid massaging over bony prominences.
Protect skin from moisture associated with episodes of
incontinence or exposure to wound drainage.
Use lubricants, protective films, dressings, and padding to
diminish the effects of friction on the skin.
Maintain higher humidity in the environment and use skin
moisturizers for dry skin.
Sexuality‐GERI - ANSWER-Age-related changes in sexuality
and sexual function:
,Use of multiple medications: many medications have sexual
side effects and changes in medication dosage or modification
in the treatment regimen can reduce sexual dysfunction.
Dependence on alcohol or marijuana to cope with discomforts
of aging, resulting in weakened erection, reduced desire,
delayed ejaculation.
Age related metabolic disorders such as anemia, diabetes,
malnutrition, and fatigue may affect the quality of life and cause
impotence.
Obesity may damage cardiac and vascular integrity and reduce
self-esteem, resulting in decreased sexual performance and
interest.
Many older adult people are concerned that sexual activity
might increase the risk of illness or even death due to stress on
the heart or blood pressure. Radical surgeryor dysfunction of
the GU tract affects sexual capacity and libido. Extensive
surgery due to malignancy may make intercourse difficult or
impossible
End‐of‐life ‐pain - ANSWER-Pharmacological approach to EOL
pain
-Non opioids, opioids, and adjuvant
-continue to give pain meds - although higher doses are not
necessary
-Routes: oral, rectal, transdermal, topical, parenteral
, -discontinue all nonessential meds
-treatment for excessive secretions: atropine
Pain management - ANSWER-- Complementary health
approaches and integrated health pain relief measures can be
integrated with conventional medical pain treatments and
practiced in all health care settings.
- Analgesics are medications that relieve pain. The three
types are opioids, nonopioid analgesics, and adjuvant
analgesics.
- Eliminating sources of painful stimuli is a basic nursing
measure for promoting comfort.
- Morphine is considered the prototype opioid because it is
available in multiple dosage forms, has a fairly predictable
action, and is relatively inexpensive. - Sedation is an adverse
effect of opioids that always precedes respiratory depression.
Non Pharmacological Pain Management
- Distraction is used to decrease pain by having the client
focus attention on something specific, like a puzzle or watching
television and is best used for mild pain.
- Music therapy, similar to distraction, uses music to
soothe or decrease pain by affecting transmitters and is best
with acute pain.
- Cutaneous stimulation, such as with a TENS unit,
provides electrical stimulation to the skin's surface by affecting
