Pharmacology- Module 5 Pulmonology
Latest Assignment Test Questions All
Solved Rated A+(2025-2026) Edition.
main function of the respiratory system - Answer (1) to deliver oxygen to the cells of the body
(2) remove carbon dioxide from the body.
upper respiratory tract (URT) - Answer outside the chest cavity and includes the nose, and
nasopharynx (down to the larynx).
lower respiratory tract (LRT) - Answer includes the organs within the chest including the
trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs.
alveoli - Answer microscopic sacs in lungs, that oxygen diffuses across when a person breathes
and is exchanged for carbon dioxide
Asthma - Answer - general term for recurrent and reversible shortness of breath resulting
from the narrowing of the bronchi and bronchioles
- The narrowing of the bronchioles can be caused by bronchospasm, inflammation, edema and
the production of mucus. This ultimately obstructs airflow meaning that the carbon dioxide
cannot get out and the oxygen cannot get in.
allergic asthma - Answer caused by outside factors such as allergens
intrinsic asthma - Answer caused by unknown factors.
In some cases, certain factors have precipitated the asthma attack such as respiratory infections,
stress, or cold weather.
COPD/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - Answer Consists of both emphysema and
chronic bronchitis:
Emphysema is a disease process involving inflammation of the alveoli.
, primary drugs used in the treatment of both asthma and COPD - Answer bronchodilators and
a variety of anti-inflammatory and antiallergic agents.
similarity between these diseases: - Answer all involve obstruction of airflow through the
airways
Chemical Mediator - Answer - a substance released from mast cells and white blood cells
during inflammation and allergic reactions.
- responsible for most of the symptoms and complications associated with asthma and COPD.
- Only chemical mediator with known involvement where drug therapy has been shown to help
symptoms is leukotrienes.
Leukotrienes - Answer - potent bronchoconstrictors with a long duration of action.
- stimulate receptors responsible for bronchoconstriction, edema and other inflammatory
actions.
- Class of drugs that inhibit these actions and have an important role in treating asthma
specifically--leukotriene inhibitors
Emphysema - Answer - occurs when the air spaces within the bronchioles enlarge as a result
of the destruction of the alveolar walls.
- As walls are destroyed, there is less surface area available for oxygen and carbon dioxide
exchange.
- The cause appears to be enzymes that are released in response to inflammation.
- These enzymes are increased by air pollution, tobacco smoke, and other irritants to the
respiratory tract.
- Hyperinflation is the result of the air spaces being enlarged.
- These patients have difficulty expelling air from the lungs.
- This results in a reduction in gas exchange and the feeling of shortness of breath.
- Emphysema causes irreversible lung damage over time.
Chronic Bronchitis - Answer - Chronic irritation, usually from cigarette smoke or other
environmental pollutants, can lead to chronic bronchitis.
- The irritants cause mucus secretions to increase and thicken which can then begin to interfere
with gas exchange within the lungs.
Latest Assignment Test Questions All
Solved Rated A+(2025-2026) Edition.
main function of the respiratory system - Answer (1) to deliver oxygen to the cells of the body
(2) remove carbon dioxide from the body.
upper respiratory tract (URT) - Answer outside the chest cavity and includes the nose, and
nasopharynx (down to the larynx).
lower respiratory tract (LRT) - Answer includes the organs within the chest including the
trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs.
alveoli - Answer microscopic sacs in lungs, that oxygen diffuses across when a person breathes
and is exchanged for carbon dioxide
Asthma - Answer - general term for recurrent and reversible shortness of breath resulting
from the narrowing of the bronchi and bronchioles
- The narrowing of the bronchioles can be caused by bronchospasm, inflammation, edema and
the production of mucus. This ultimately obstructs airflow meaning that the carbon dioxide
cannot get out and the oxygen cannot get in.
allergic asthma - Answer caused by outside factors such as allergens
intrinsic asthma - Answer caused by unknown factors.
In some cases, certain factors have precipitated the asthma attack such as respiratory infections,
stress, or cold weather.
COPD/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - Answer Consists of both emphysema and
chronic bronchitis:
Emphysema is a disease process involving inflammation of the alveoli.
, primary drugs used in the treatment of both asthma and COPD - Answer bronchodilators and
a variety of anti-inflammatory and antiallergic agents.
similarity between these diseases: - Answer all involve obstruction of airflow through the
airways
Chemical Mediator - Answer - a substance released from mast cells and white blood cells
during inflammation and allergic reactions.
- responsible for most of the symptoms and complications associated with asthma and COPD.
- Only chemical mediator with known involvement where drug therapy has been shown to help
symptoms is leukotrienes.
Leukotrienes - Answer - potent bronchoconstrictors with a long duration of action.
- stimulate receptors responsible for bronchoconstriction, edema and other inflammatory
actions.
- Class of drugs that inhibit these actions and have an important role in treating asthma
specifically--leukotriene inhibitors
Emphysema - Answer - occurs when the air spaces within the bronchioles enlarge as a result
of the destruction of the alveolar walls.
- As walls are destroyed, there is less surface area available for oxygen and carbon dioxide
exchange.
- The cause appears to be enzymes that are released in response to inflammation.
- These enzymes are increased by air pollution, tobacco smoke, and other irritants to the
respiratory tract.
- Hyperinflation is the result of the air spaces being enlarged.
- These patients have difficulty expelling air from the lungs.
- This results in a reduction in gas exchange and the feeling of shortness of breath.
- Emphysema causes irreversible lung damage over time.
Chronic Bronchitis - Answer - Chronic irritation, usually from cigarette smoke or other
environmental pollutants, can lead to chronic bronchitis.
- The irritants cause mucus secretions to increase and thicken which can then begin to interfere
with gas exchange within the lungs.
