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CISSN Study Guide 2025/2026 – 200+ Verified Concepts & Explanations | Muscle Physiology, Supplements, Macronutrients, Hormones, Recovery & Energy Systems

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This CISSN Study Guide 2025/2026 presents an extensive collection of 200+ thoroughly explained concepts and science-backed answers aligned with the International Society of Sports Nutrition’s (ISSN) Certified Sports Nutritionist exam. Built for deep comprehension and recall, this document is ideal for exam candidates and professionals seeking clarity on the biochemical, physiological, and nutritional foundations of human performance. Key topics and learning objectives include: Muscle Physiology & Training Adaptations: Skeletal muscle fiber types (Type I, IIa, IIb), hypertrophy mechanisms, myofibrillar vs sarcoplasmic growth, motor unit recruitment, and rate coding Macronutrients & Fuel Usage: Carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism during aerobic and anaerobic training; glycogen depletion and energy system transitions (ATP-PC, glycolysis, oxidative) Advanced Supplementation Science: Creatine, beta-alanine, HMB, caffeine, carnitine, glycerol, BCAAs, omega-3s, ephedra, vanadyl sulfate—doses, mechanisms, and physiological impact Hormonal Regulation & Anabolism: Testosterone, IGF-1, insulin, cortisol, thyroid hormones, and how they interact with dietary fat intake, training loads, and energy availability Hydration, Electrolytes & Thermoregulation: Sweat loss variability, fluid replacement strategies, dehydration thresholds, electrolyte roles (Na, K, Ca, Cl), and heat acclimatization timelines Metabolic & Cardiovascular Adaptations: RMR, TDEE components (BMR, TEF, NEAT), EPOC, VO2 max, lactate threshold, fat oxidation rates, and cardiovascular response to endurance training Clinical & Ethical Nutrition: Female athlete triad, amenorrhea, ketogenic and vegan diet risks, nutrient deficiencies, placebo effect, WADA compliance, antioxidant roles in oxidative stress Exam-Ready Scientific Literacy: Definitions and distinctions between glycemic load vs glycemic index, endergonic vs exergonic reactions, buffer systems (bicarbonate), study design principles Perfect for: CISSN exam candidates seeking full-spectrum prep for 2025/2026 Undergraduate or graduate students in sports nutrition, kinesiology, or exercise science Strength and conditioning professionals, trainers, and coaches using nutrition science with athletes Clinical dietitians or wellness professionals incorporating advanced supplementation Fitness enthusiasts and athletes committed to optimizing metabolic performance and recovery This guide is your go-to reference for understanding not just "what" to know, but why it matters for exercise performance, body composition, and real-world application. Keywords: CISSN study guide, ISSN certification, sports nutrition, creatine, beta-alanine, protein synthesis, macronutrients, hormone regulation, thermogenesis, electrolyte balance, TDEE, VO2 max, EPOC, lactate threshold, supplement science, muscle hypertrophy, body composition, WADA, performance recovery

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CISSN Study Guide 2025/2026 Exam
Questions and Detailed Answers | Get it
100% Correct Answers



based on recent studies, which vitamin shows evidence of positively affecting

muscle function? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔vitamin D


the primary ergogenic nutrients in most ED and ES appear to be carbohydrate

and/or caffeine. True or False - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔true. caffeine is the most common

ingredient utilized in energy drinks.

the ergogenic value of caffeine on mental and physical performance has been well

established but the potential additive benefits of other nutrients contained in ED

and ES remains to be determined. True or False - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔true

,consuming ED 10-60 minutes before exercise can improve mental focus, alertness,

anaerobic performance, and/or endurance performance. True or false - 🧠 ANSWER

✔✔false not anaerobic performance. only aerobic endurance


what effect does long-term coffee consumption have on type 2 diabetes? - 🧠

ANSWER ✔✔results suggest that moderate consumption of both caffeinated and

decaffeinated coffee may lower risk of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged

women. coffee constituents other than caffeine may affect the development of type

2 diabetes.

when glycogen stores are depleted, what macronutrient becomes the predominant

fuel source during distance running? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Fat (oxidation)


how many extra kcal are required for accumulation of 1 kg of body fat? - 🧠

ANSWER ✔✔approximately 7000


what are the effects of pre-exercise dehydration on thermoregulation and

performance - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔decreased thermoregulation and performance


what effects can a low-carbohydrate diet have on prolonged physical activity. - 🧠

ANSWER ✔✔decreased glycogen synthesis, decreased performance,

overreaching/overtraining.

, - increase usage of fat oxidation

approximately how many days of heat exposure does it take to fully acclimate to

exercising in the heat? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔complete acclimation takes up to 14 days


what is a Bod-Pod - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔a body composition recording device that

uses air displacement plethysmography




- DXA is most accurate

compare fat and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. under what conditions

does one fuel source predominate over the other - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔a. fat oxidation

primarily occurs at low intensity long duration exercise

b. carbohydrates are oxidized preferentially during higher intensity exercise

what effect does betaine supplementation have on exercise performance? - 🧠

ANSWER ✔✔a. betaine supplementation improves muscular endurance in active

college age males

b. has been shown to increase power, force, and maintenance *****




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