CISSN Exam Review 2025/2026 Exam
Questions and Answers | 100% Solved
Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-
carnosine (B-alanyl Histidine) is made in the body from histidine and B-alanine via
an energy dependent reaction cartelized by carnosine synthetase
-found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain, kidney, and stomach
-available in meats and absorbed in intestine via peptide transporters
- antioxidant activity (hydroxyl and superoxide radical) and oppose glycation
- suppress lipid peroxidation and react with protein carbonyl
- regulates intracellular calcium and contractility in muscle
- primarily, carnosine with pH buffering capacity is widely used in the field of
sports nutrition. Because the dissociation exponent (pKa) of carnosine is 6.83, it is
suggested that carnosine attenuates the reduction in blood pH by a large amount of
,H+ originating from the dissociation of lactic acid during strenuous exercise, and
suppresses a loss of force
What is a waxy maize starch and what effect does it have on blood glucose? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔- a highly branched starch called amylopectin. Water soluble and
absorbed by the gut more quickly than dextrose or maltodextrin, research has not
substantiated this claim.
-has been shown to be absorbed with less insulin, allowing ketogenic affects to
remain, increase both glycogen and FFA substrate utilization
Based on recent studies, which vitamin shows evidence of positively affecting
muscle function? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Vitamin D
What is needed for gluconeogenesis in humans? Give examples of gluconeogenic
precursors? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Gluconeogenesis relies upon lactate, pyruvate,
glycerol (a catabolic product of triglycerols) and certain amino acids (glutamine
and alanine)
What effect does long-term coffee consumption have on Type II Diabetes? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Results suggest that moderate consumption of both caffeinated and
decaffeinated coffee may lower risk of type II diabetes in younger and middle-aged
,women. Coffee constituents other than caffeine may affect the development of type
II diabetes
What effect does supplementing with WPI have on muscle damage? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔- The major finding of this investigation was that whey protein isolate
supplementation attenuated the impairment in isometric and isokinetic muscle
forces during recovery from exercise-induced muscle injury
- The current study demonstrates that whey protein is a partially hydrolyzed (pre-
digested) form improves strength recovery rates, possibly due to an increase in the
rate of repair processes and/or a reduction in the extent of damage, from intense
training, in particular, eccentric exercise that is commonly used in weight training
When glycogen stores are depleted, what macronutrient becomes the predominant
fuel source during distance running? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔fat (oxidation)
How many extra kcal are required for accumulation of 1 kg of body fat? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔approximately 7000
What are the effects of pre-exercise dehydration on thermoregulation and
performance? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔decrease thermoregulation and performance
What are the effects of L-alanyl-L-Glutamine supplementation on time-to-
exhaustion and dehydration stress? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Results demonstrate that AG
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
, supplementation provided a significant ergogenic benefit by increasing time to
exhaustion during a mild hydration stress. This ergogenic effect was likely
mediated by an enhanced fluid and electrolyte uptake
What effects can a low-carbohydrate diet have on prolonged physical activity? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Decreased glycogen synthesis, decreased performance,
overreaching/overtraining
Approximately how many days of heat exposure does it take to fully acclimate to
exercising in the heat? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Complete acclimation takes up to 14 days
What is HICA and what are the effects of its supplementation for a period of 4
weeks? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- Alfa-Hydroxy-isocaproic acid (HICA) is an end
product of leucine metabolism in human tissues such as muscle and connective
tissue. According to the clinical and experimental studies, HICA can be considered
as an anti-catabolic substance. The present study investigated the effects of HICA
supplementation on body composition, delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS)
and physical performance of athletes during a training period
-already a 4-week HICA supplementation of 1.5 g a day leads to small increases in
muscle mass during an intensive training period in soccer athletes
Questions and Answers | 100% Solved
Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-
carnosine (B-alanyl Histidine) is made in the body from histidine and B-alanine via
an energy dependent reaction cartelized by carnosine synthetase
-found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain, kidney, and stomach
-available in meats and absorbed in intestine via peptide transporters
- antioxidant activity (hydroxyl and superoxide radical) and oppose glycation
- suppress lipid peroxidation and react with protein carbonyl
- regulates intracellular calcium and contractility in muscle
- primarily, carnosine with pH buffering capacity is widely used in the field of
sports nutrition. Because the dissociation exponent (pKa) of carnosine is 6.83, it is
suggested that carnosine attenuates the reduction in blood pH by a large amount of
,H+ originating from the dissociation of lactic acid during strenuous exercise, and
suppresses a loss of force
What is a waxy maize starch and what effect does it have on blood glucose? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔- a highly branched starch called amylopectin. Water soluble and
absorbed by the gut more quickly than dextrose or maltodextrin, research has not
substantiated this claim.
-has been shown to be absorbed with less insulin, allowing ketogenic affects to
remain, increase both glycogen and FFA substrate utilization
Based on recent studies, which vitamin shows evidence of positively affecting
muscle function? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Vitamin D
What is needed for gluconeogenesis in humans? Give examples of gluconeogenic
precursors? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Gluconeogenesis relies upon lactate, pyruvate,
glycerol (a catabolic product of triglycerols) and certain amino acids (glutamine
and alanine)
What effect does long-term coffee consumption have on Type II Diabetes? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Results suggest that moderate consumption of both caffeinated and
decaffeinated coffee may lower risk of type II diabetes in younger and middle-aged
,women. Coffee constituents other than caffeine may affect the development of type
II diabetes
What effect does supplementing with WPI have on muscle damage? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔- The major finding of this investigation was that whey protein isolate
supplementation attenuated the impairment in isometric and isokinetic muscle
forces during recovery from exercise-induced muscle injury
- The current study demonstrates that whey protein is a partially hydrolyzed (pre-
digested) form improves strength recovery rates, possibly due to an increase in the
rate of repair processes and/or a reduction in the extent of damage, from intense
training, in particular, eccentric exercise that is commonly used in weight training
When glycogen stores are depleted, what macronutrient becomes the predominant
fuel source during distance running? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔fat (oxidation)
How many extra kcal are required for accumulation of 1 kg of body fat? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔approximately 7000
What are the effects of pre-exercise dehydration on thermoregulation and
performance? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔decrease thermoregulation and performance
What are the effects of L-alanyl-L-Glutamine supplementation on time-to-
exhaustion and dehydration stress? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Results demonstrate that AG
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
, supplementation provided a significant ergogenic benefit by increasing time to
exhaustion during a mild hydration stress. This ergogenic effect was likely
mediated by an enhanced fluid and electrolyte uptake
What effects can a low-carbohydrate diet have on prolonged physical activity? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Decreased glycogen synthesis, decreased performance,
overreaching/overtraining
Approximately how many days of heat exposure does it take to fully acclimate to
exercising in the heat? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Complete acclimation takes up to 14 days
What is HICA and what are the effects of its supplementation for a period of 4
weeks? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- Alfa-Hydroxy-isocaproic acid (HICA) is an end
product of leucine metabolism in human tissues such as muscle and connective
tissue. According to the clinical and experimental studies, HICA can be considered
as an anti-catabolic substance. The present study investigated the effects of HICA
supplementation on body composition, delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS)
and physical performance of athletes during a training period
-already a 4-week HICA supplementation of 1.5 g a day leads to small increases in
muscle mass during an intensive training period in soccer athletes
