CISSN Exam 2025/2026 Exam Questions
and Corresponding Answers with Surety
of 100% Pass Mark
Based on recent studies, which vitamin shows evidence of positively affecting
muscle function? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Vitamin D
Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔a.
Carnosine (B-alanyl Histidine) is made in the body from histidine and B-alanine
via an energy dependent reaction catalyzed by carnosine synthetase
b. Found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain, kidney, and stomach
c. Available in meats and absorbed in intestine via peptide transporters
,d. Antioxidant activity, (hydroxyl and superoxide radical) and oppose glycation
e. Suppress lipid peroxidation and react with protein carbonyl
f. Regulates intracellular calcium and contractility in muscle
g. Primarily, carnosine with pH buffering capacity is widely used in the field of
sports nutrition. Because the dissociation exponent (pKa) of carnosine is 6.83, it is
suggested that carnosine attenuates the reduction in blood pH by a large amount of
H+ originating from the dissociation of lactic acid during strenuous exercise, and
suppresses a loss of force
What is a waxy maize starch and what effect does it have on blood glucose? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔A highly branched starch called amylopectin. Water soluble and
absorbed by the gut more quickly than dextrose or maltodextrin, research has not
substantiated this claim.
,b. Has been shown to be absorbed with less insulin, allowing ketogenic affects to
remain, increase both glycogen and FFA substrate utilization
What is needed for gluconeogenesis in humans? Give examples of gluconeogenic
precursors - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Gluconeogenesis relies upon
lactate
pyruvate
glycerol (a catabolic produce of triaglycerols)
certain amino acids (glutamine and alanine
What effect does long-term coffee consumption have on Type II Diabetes? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔moderate consumption of both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee
may lower risk of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women
Coffee constituents other than caffeine may affect the development of type 2
diabetes.
What effect does supplementing with WPI have on muscle damage? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔a. The major finding of this investigation was that whey protein isolate
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
, supplementation attenuated the impairment in isometric and isokinetic muscle
forces during recovery from exercise-induced muscle injury.
b. The current study demonstrates that whey protein in a partially hydrolysed (pre-
digested) form improves strength recovery rates, possibly due to an increase in the
rate of repair processes and/or a reduction in the extent of damage, from intense
training, in particular, eccentric exercise that is commonly used in weight training.
When glycogen stores are depleted, what macronutrient becomes the predominant
fuel source during distance running? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Fat
How many extra kcals are required for accumulation of 1kg of body fat? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Approximately 7000
What are the effects of pre-exercise dehydration on thermoregulation and
performance - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Decreased thermoregulation and performance.
What are the effects of L-alanyl-L-Glutamine supplementation on time-to-
exhaustion and dehydration stress? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔AG supplementation provids
a significant ergogenic benefit by:
increasing time to exhaustion during a mild hydration stress.
and Corresponding Answers with Surety
of 100% Pass Mark
Based on recent studies, which vitamin shows evidence of positively affecting
muscle function? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Vitamin D
Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔a.
Carnosine (B-alanyl Histidine) is made in the body from histidine and B-alanine
via an energy dependent reaction catalyzed by carnosine synthetase
b. Found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain, kidney, and stomach
c. Available in meats and absorbed in intestine via peptide transporters
,d. Antioxidant activity, (hydroxyl and superoxide radical) and oppose glycation
e. Suppress lipid peroxidation and react with protein carbonyl
f. Regulates intracellular calcium and contractility in muscle
g. Primarily, carnosine with pH buffering capacity is widely used in the field of
sports nutrition. Because the dissociation exponent (pKa) of carnosine is 6.83, it is
suggested that carnosine attenuates the reduction in blood pH by a large amount of
H+ originating from the dissociation of lactic acid during strenuous exercise, and
suppresses a loss of force
What is a waxy maize starch and what effect does it have on blood glucose? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔A highly branched starch called amylopectin. Water soluble and
absorbed by the gut more quickly than dextrose or maltodextrin, research has not
substantiated this claim.
,b. Has been shown to be absorbed with less insulin, allowing ketogenic affects to
remain, increase both glycogen and FFA substrate utilization
What is needed for gluconeogenesis in humans? Give examples of gluconeogenic
precursors - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Gluconeogenesis relies upon
lactate
pyruvate
glycerol (a catabolic produce of triaglycerols)
certain amino acids (glutamine and alanine
What effect does long-term coffee consumption have on Type II Diabetes? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔moderate consumption of both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee
may lower risk of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women
Coffee constituents other than caffeine may affect the development of type 2
diabetes.
What effect does supplementing with WPI have on muscle damage? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔a. The major finding of this investigation was that whey protein isolate
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
, supplementation attenuated the impairment in isometric and isokinetic muscle
forces during recovery from exercise-induced muscle injury.
b. The current study demonstrates that whey protein in a partially hydrolysed (pre-
digested) form improves strength recovery rates, possibly due to an increase in the
rate of repair processes and/or a reduction in the extent of damage, from intense
training, in particular, eccentric exercise that is commonly used in weight training.
When glycogen stores are depleted, what macronutrient becomes the predominant
fuel source during distance running? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Fat
How many extra kcals are required for accumulation of 1kg of body fat? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Approximately 7000
What are the effects of pre-exercise dehydration on thermoregulation and
performance - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Decreased thermoregulation and performance.
What are the effects of L-alanyl-L-Glutamine supplementation on time-to-
exhaustion and dehydration stress? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔AG supplementation provids
a significant ergogenic benefit by:
increasing time to exhaustion during a mild hydration stress.
