NURS 5060 PATHOPYSIOLOGY
FINAL SUMMER EXAMS VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A PLUS
UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT.
metaplasia
one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type. May be
adaptive to provide more resistant tissue (ex stratified squamous epithelium
replaces ciliated columnar epithelium in respiratory tracts of smokers.)
dysplasia
tissue cells vary in size and shape, atypical cells, often with large nuclei,
increased rate of mitosis. May be from chronic irritation infection or may be
precancer.
anaplasia
cells that are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structures and
numerous mitotic figures. Characteristic of cancer, basis for grading
aggressiveness of tumor.
neoplasia
new growth. Commonly called tumor, benign or malignant. Unique
appearance and growth pattern.
,2 stages of cell death
1. Initial - cell damage causes alteration in metabolic reation.
2. Loss of function. May be recovered if damaging factor is removed quickly.
Or may cause morphologic changes.
achlorhydria
Absence of hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice.
agglutination
An antibody-mediated immune response in which bacteria or viruses are
clumped together, effectively neutralized, and opsonized.
autoregulation
Local control of blood distribution (through vasodilation) in response to a
tissue's changing metabolic needs. A compensatory mechanism that affects
the cerebral vessel tone, their resistance, and the diameter of the blood vessel.
Responds to pressure, CO2 and O2 changes.
bilirubin
An orange pigment which is formed by the liver as a result of heme
breakdown and excreted in the bile.
,cyanotic
The bluish color of the mucous membranes, nail beds, and skin that occurs
when blood is not picking up an adequate amount of oxygen from the lungs
demyelination
Loss of the myelin sheath provided by Schwann cells, resulting in reduced or
disorganized propagation of action potentials. This prevents nerve impulses
from reaching their target. This causes tremors, paralysis, and speech
disturbances.
deoxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin that is not fully saturated with oxygen (meaning iron ion in
heme groups binds with 3 or less oxygen molecules)
diapedesis
WBCs migrate through endothelial walls of capillaries and venules and enter
tissue spaces by this process. There they initiate inflammation and the
immune response if they encounter sites of injury or infection.
dyscrasia
, Abnormality of blood or bone marrow; abnormal cell characteristics or
numbers.
dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing; shortness of breath
ecchymoses
Bluish discoloration of an area of skin or mucous membrane caused by the
extravasation of blood into the subcutaneous tissues as a result of trauma to
the underlying blood vessels or fragility of the vessel walls. Also called
bruise. (other causes = leukemia, bleeding disorders)
erythrocytosis
An abnormal increase in number of red blood cells; also called polycythemia
erythropoietin
A hormone that stimulates production of red blood cells and hemoglobin in
the bone marrow, synthesized in response to low levels of oxygen in the
tissues
ferritin
FINAL SUMMER EXAMS VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A PLUS
UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT.
metaplasia
one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type. May be
adaptive to provide more resistant tissue (ex stratified squamous epithelium
replaces ciliated columnar epithelium in respiratory tracts of smokers.)
dysplasia
tissue cells vary in size and shape, atypical cells, often with large nuclei,
increased rate of mitosis. May be from chronic irritation infection or may be
precancer.
anaplasia
cells that are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structures and
numerous mitotic figures. Characteristic of cancer, basis for grading
aggressiveness of tumor.
neoplasia
new growth. Commonly called tumor, benign or malignant. Unique
appearance and growth pattern.
,2 stages of cell death
1. Initial - cell damage causes alteration in metabolic reation.
2. Loss of function. May be recovered if damaging factor is removed quickly.
Or may cause morphologic changes.
achlorhydria
Absence of hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice.
agglutination
An antibody-mediated immune response in which bacteria or viruses are
clumped together, effectively neutralized, and opsonized.
autoregulation
Local control of blood distribution (through vasodilation) in response to a
tissue's changing metabolic needs. A compensatory mechanism that affects
the cerebral vessel tone, their resistance, and the diameter of the blood vessel.
Responds to pressure, CO2 and O2 changes.
bilirubin
An orange pigment which is formed by the liver as a result of heme
breakdown and excreted in the bile.
,cyanotic
The bluish color of the mucous membranes, nail beds, and skin that occurs
when blood is not picking up an adequate amount of oxygen from the lungs
demyelination
Loss of the myelin sheath provided by Schwann cells, resulting in reduced or
disorganized propagation of action potentials. This prevents nerve impulses
from reaching their target. This causes tremors, paralysis, and speech
disturbances.
deoxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin that is not fully saturated with oxygen (meaning iron ion in
heme groups binds with 3 or less oxygen molecules)
diapedesis
WBCs migrate through endothelial walls of capillaries and venules and enter
tissue spaces by this process. There they initiate inflammation and the
immune response if they encounter sites of injury or infection.
dyscrasia
, Abnormality of blood or bone marrow; abnormal cell characteristics or
numbers.
dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing; shortness of breath
ecchymoses
Bluish discoloration of an area of skin or mucous membrane caused by the
extravasation of blood into the subcutaneous tissues as a result of trauma to
the underlying blood vessels or fragility of the vessel walls. Also called
bruise. (other causes = leukemia, bleeding disorders)
erythrocytosis
An abnormal increase in number of red blood cells; also called polycythemia
erythropoietin
A hormone that stimulates production of red blood cells and hemoglobin in
the bone marrow, synthesized in response to low levels of oxygen in the
tissues
ferritin
