BIO1108 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH
100% CORRECT ANSWERS
GUARANTEED PASS
Define vascular and nonvascular plants - Answer- - Vascular plants: transports water
and nutrients through the plants (vascular tissue)
- non vascular plants: don't have a vascular system and are called bryophytes.
Describe bryophytes - Answer- a nonvascular plant with a gametophyte-dominant life
cycle
Define seedless vascular plants - Answer- plants that contain vascular tissue, but do not
produce flowers or seeds
Describe vascular tissue of plants - Answer- - xylem: conducts most water and nutrients
and includes a tube shaped cell (traechids)
- phloem: cells arranged in a tube and distributes sugar, amino acids and other organic
material
Describe the evolutionary advantage of seeds - Answer- - Seeds are multicellular and
have a protective layer of tissue protecting the embryo; spores are usually single-celled
- They can remain dormant from days to years, until conditions are favorable for
germination
- Seeds have a supply of stored food
Define gymnosperm and angiosperm - Answer- - Gymnosperm: extant seed plant that
have "naked" seeds that are not enclosed in chambers
- Angiosperm: extant seed plants that have seeds that develop inside chambers called
ovaries
Describe pollination - Answer- - The transfer of pollen grains from an anther (male plant
structure) to a stigma (female plant structure)
- Many plants possess both male and female structures (monoecious) and can
potentially self-pollinate
- From an evolutionary perspective, cross-pollination is preferable as it improves genetic
diversity
Describe the anatomy of a flower - Answer- - Sepals protect the bud as the flower
develops
- petals attract pollinators
- stamen consists of anther and filament and is the "male" portion
, - carpel has stigma, style, ovary, and ovules and is the "female" portion.
Describe Alternation of generation - Answer- - The life cycles of plants alternate
between two generations of distinct multicellular organisms
- The gametophyte generation is haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis
- Fusion of sperm and eggs gives rise to a diploid sporophyte, which produces haploid
spores by meiosis
- spores create gametophytes by mitosis
- gametophytes create gametes by mitosis
- fertilized gametes (zygotes) create sporophytes by mitosis
Describe main features of all Phylum of fungi - Answer- - They secrete hydrolytic
enzymes to break down complex molecules into smaller organic compounds
- Fungi consist of an interwoven mass of branched hyphae called a mycelium that
maximizes its surface-to-volume ratio, making absorption more efficient
- Fungi are heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from outside of their body using osmosis
- Fungi have cell walls composed of chitin to prevent cells from bursting
Describe mycorrhizal fungi - Answer- Fungi that have hyphae specialized for
exchanging nutrients with the root cells of plants
Describe lichens - Answer- fungi & algae. Algae provides food, fungi provides water and
protection.
Describe main features that unify animals - Answer- They are all eukaryotic,
multicellular organisms. Most have complex tissue structure and are heterotrophs.
Describe how Sponges differ from other animals - Answer- - Sponges have no "true"
tissues, only a group of cells that function as a unit
- They capture small food particles suspended in water, and draw in water through
pores
Describe the origin of Arthropods - Answer- - The arthropod body plan consists of a
segmented body, hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages
- This body plan dates to the Cambrian explosion (535-525 million years ago)
Briefly describe the Cambrian explosion - Answer- - Many phyla of living animals appear
suddenly in fossils formed early in the Cambrian period (535-525 mya), a phenomenon
called the Cambrian explosion.
- Many animal phyla may have originated much earlier, as evidenced by fossils like the
575 million year old ones below. Suggesting that "the Cambrian explosion had a long
fuse", as noted by Simon Conway Morris
- Prior to Cambrian explosion all large animals appeared to be soft-bodied herbivores,
but things changed quickly during the Cambrian explosion.
100% CORRECT ANSWERS
GUARANTEED PASS
Define vascular and nonvascular plants - Answer- - Vascular plants: transports water
and nutrients through the plants (vascular tissue)
- non vascular plants: don't have a vascular system and are called bryophytes.
Describe bryophytes - Answer- a nonvascular plant with a gametophyte-dominant life
cycle
Define seedless vascular plants - Answer- plants that contain vascular tissue, but do not
produce flowers or seeds
Describe vascular tissue of plants - Answer- - xylem: conducts most water and nutrients
and includes a tube shaped cell (traechids)
- phloem: cells arranged in a tube and distributes sugar, amino acids and other organic
material
Describe the evolutionary advantage of seeds - Answer- - Seeds are multicellular and
have a protective layer of tissue protecting the embryo; spores are usually single-celled
- They can remain dormant from days to years, until conditions are favorable for
germination
- Seeds have a supply of stored food
Define gymnosperm and angiosperm - Answer- - Gymnosperm: extant seed plant that
have "naked" seeds that are not enclosed in chambers
- Angiosperm: extant seed plants that have seeds that develop inside chambers called
ovaries
Describe pollination - Answer- - The transfer of pollen grains from an anther (male plant
structure) to a stigma (female plant structure)
- Many plants possess both male and female structures (monoecious) and can
potentially self-pollinate
- From an evolutionary perspective, cross-pollination is preferable as it improves genetic
diversity
Describe the anatomy of a flower - Answer- - Sepals protect the bud as the flower
develops
- petals attract pollinators
- stamen consists of anther and filament and is the "male" portion
, - carpel has stigma, style, ovary, and ovules and is the "female" portion.
Describe Alternation of generation - Answer- - The life cycles of plants alternate
between two generations of distinct multicellular organisms
- The gametophyte generation is haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis
- Fusion of sperm and eggs gives rise to a diploid sporophyte, which produces haploid
spores by meiosis
- spores create gametophytes by mitosis
- gametophytes create gametes by mitosis
- fertilized gametes (zygotes) create sporophytes by mitosis
Describe main features of all Phylum of fungi - Answer- - They secrete hydrolytic
enzymes to break down complex molecules into smaller organic compounds
- Fungi consist of an interwoven mass of branched hyphae called a mycelium that
maximizes its surface-to-volume ratio, making absorption more efficient
- Fungi are heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from outside of their body using osmosis
- Fungi have cell walls composed of chitin to prevent cells from bursting
Describe mycorrhizal fungi - Answer- Fungi that have hyphae specialized for
exchanging nutrients with the root cells of plants
Describe lichens - Answer- fungi & algae. Algae provides food, fungi provides water and
protection.
Describe main features that unify animals - Answer- They are all eukaryotic,
multicellular organisms. Most have complex tissue structure and are heterotrophs.
Describe how Sponges differ from other animals - Answer- - Sponges have no "true"
tissues, only a group of cells that function as a unit
- They capture small food particles suspended in water, and draw in water through
pores
Describe the origin of Arthropods - Answer- - The arthropod body plan consists of a
segmented body, hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages
- This body plan dates to the Cambrian explosion (535-525 million years ago)
Briefly describe the Cambrian explosion - Answer- - Many phyla of living animals appear
suddenly in fossils formed early in the Cambrian period (535-525 mya), a phenomenon
called the Cambrian explosion.
- Many animal phyla may have originated much earlier, as evidenced by fossils like the
575 million year old ones below. Suggesting that "the Cambrian explosion had a long
fuse", as noted by Simon Conway Morris
- Prior to Cambrian explosion all large animals appeared to be soft-bodied herbivores,
but things changed quickly during the Cambrian explosion.
