Public Health 200 exam1Complete Questions And Correct Answers Guaranteed Success.

Factors that could avoid premature mortality - correct answer Lifestyle (50%), Environment (20), Human biology (20), Additional medical care (10) Behaviors of the most concern - correct answer 1. Tobacco 2. Poor Diet and Physical Inactivity 3. Alcohol 4. Microbial Agents Why do people engage in unhealthy behaviors? Reason 1 - correct answer Lack of knowledge of risk (education) Why do people engage in unhealthy behaviors? Reason 2 - correct answer Do not perceive threat as personally relevant or important Why do people engage in unhealthy behaviors? Reason 3 - correct answer Addiction/ habit; role of genetics Why do people engage in unhealthy behaviors? Reason 4 - correct answer Peer pressure and role models Why do people engage in unhealthy behaviors? reason 5 - correct answer Community norms (schools, workplace norms) Engage in Unhealthy behaviors? Reason 6 - correct answer Psychological environment (stress) Engage in Unhealthy behaviors? Reason 7 - correct answer Economic influences Engage in Unhealthy behaviors? Reason 8 - correct answer Time preference (benefits today vs. future costs) Engage in Unhealthy behaviors? Reason 9 - correct answer Physical environment (lack of access to fresh veggies; lack of walkable streets) Engage in unhealthy beh.? Reason 10 - correct answer Policy environment (taxes; ad visibility) Tobacco Stats (General) - correct answer Greatest cause of preventable premature deaths, yet also greatest PH success story of past half century 18.1% of deaths Poor diet and physical inactivity stats (General) - correct answer Most rapidly rising serious PH problem 15.2% of deaths--possible that our generation will be first to have shorter life expectancy than parents Alcohol Stats - correct answer 3.5% of deaths; mixed, but predictable, use patterns; U shaped health impact; negative impacts on health; Drinking and Education - correct answer 68% of college grads drink, some college 58.9, HS grad 50, <HS 36.5; UM profs drink daily; UM students drink alot more than average 52% to 44% Alcohol U-Shaped Health Impact - correct answer Those who drink moderately have less rates of heart disease than those who drink little or none at all and those who drink heavily Challenge of PH message of re alcohol - correct answer Moderate use of alcohol is good for your health BUT Alcohol can kill you ( and other ppl) Alcohol: negative impacts on health: Long term excess use - correct answer Cardiovascular disease, cirrhosis of the liver, cancer, pancreatitis, dementia (mixed evid w Alzheimer's) Alchol: negative impacts on health: Short term use (binge drinking) - correct answer motor vehicle-related and other injuries (fires, falls, drowning); Alcohol poisoning; Fetal alcohol syndrome Prohibition in context - correct answer Positive health effects disregarded (moderate use is good); Balancing of costs/ benefits--disrespect for the law, adverse health effects of organized crime; Implications for prohibition of illicit drugs? Negative health effects due to drugs or their illegality-PH emphasis on ed & treatment Toxic Agents Stats - correct answer 2.3% of deaths (least precise estimate); Health effects of environmental exposures=hot research area Motor Vehicle injuries (MVIs) Stats (General) - correct answer 1.8% of deaths; leading killer of children and young adults; Public health success story due to environmental and policy changes Firearms Stats (General) - correct answer 1.2% of deaths--60% suicides; 40% homicides; Enough guns for every adult in America but only 1/4 own guns (40% households); enormously challenging area of PH Risky Sexual Behavior Stats - correct answer 20,000 deaths (16,000 from AIDS); 19 million STIs per year; 750,000 teen pregnancies per year; 1 in 10 teen females/ year; 1 in 3 at least once by age 20 Illicit drug use Stats - correct answer 17,000 deaths/ yr; Cause of death..drugs or illegality? Inneffectiveness of drug war (why?) Most desirable approaches to illicit drug use problem - correct answer Decriminalize (for users); Education (general-specific); Reduce underlying causes (joblessness); Make treatment more available Behavioral causes account for? - correct answer 90% of top 9 actual causes of death Behaviorial Causes of Death Implications? - correct answer Political, ethical, philosophical, legal, and economic barriers--contemporary PH so challenging/ interesting; limited resources, creativity, and cost-effectiveness play huge roles How to grapple behavioral causes: Policy Typology - correct answer Education, Incentives, Laws & regulations, requiring behaviors Kinds of Education to tackle behaviorial causes - correct answer Traditional in-school education (DARE, etc.)--often efficacious but ineffective; Health professionals; Reports for public, with media coverage; Labeling (food, tobacco, cleaners, etc.); Media campaigns (internet) Educational strategies to tackle behavioral causes - correct answer Factual (surgeon general reports); Motivational (radon testing/mitigation); exhorting (flu shot campaign) Incentives to tackle behavioral causes - correct answer Predominantly financial incentives (cigarette tax, diff. insurance rates, fat tax next?); Financial incentives work Laws and regulations to tackle behavioral causes - correct answer Necessary when education fails to protect public; creates strong incentives in the form of legal penalties to engage in or avoid specific behaviors Behavioral Laws & Regulations Most Accepted When - correct answer Protect children (carseats); protect people from negative impacts of other individual's behaviors (smoking in restaurant) Behavioral Laws and Regulations Least Accepted When - correct answer Consider paternalistic (for other than children-helmet/ seatbelt laws);Challenge peoples sense of morality (sex ed in schools; HPV vaccination of girls) Psychosocial environment & health behavior - correct answer Health behaviors strongly correlated with large number of attributes of an individual's environment--stress, friend/ fam beh., role model beh., access/ quality of institutions, community-wide factors (gangs, power of churches); policies Stress: SES and mortality--Whitehall study (Mike Marmot) & race - correct answer Heart disease/ all causes of mortality strongly correlated with SES; effects remain after control for behaviors; significantly greater deaths under age 75 for blacks Why is stress related to illness? Two methods of influencing health - correct answer Direct--through biological effects of stress-response hormones; Indirect--by encouraging poor health behaviors Why is illness-induced stress related to SES and race? - correct answer All people face stress, and some stress is desirable; BUT question of amount and nature of stress (poor/minorities experience more stressors); Ability to deal with stress, -locus of control- self-efficacy vs. amt. of control; poor have more natural stressors (costs of living); minorities exp. racial prejudice; less education, resources for dealing with stress Ecological model of Health Behavior - correct answer Public Policy>Community>Organizational (institutions)> Interpersonal>Individual-knowledge, attitudes, skills Individual Influences on Health Behavior - correct answer Knowledge, attitudes, and skills; less knowledge=less perception of risk=worse HBs; less self-efficacy=less attempt to avoid/change HB; Economic/other circumstances may create an indifference to HB-related risks Interpersonal Influences on Health Behavior - correct answer Role-modeling by parents/older sibs; friend network; Less social support=less motivation to change and less support in doing so Institutional/ Organizational influences on Health Behavior - correct answer School and environment critical--workplace health promotion programs; Access to and effective utilization of health care resources, social work, religious orgs, etc. Community influences on health behavior - correct answer -involvment of institutions in community (AA church) -Collective community initiatives (Stanford community interventions) -Community bans (before state ban on smoking-few restaurants in aa allowes smoking) Public Policy influences on Health Behavior - correct answer -Legality of behaviors (illicit drugs, prohibition) -Time, place, age restrictions on behaviors -Pricing (taxation, etc.) -Enforcement as part of policy Health Belief Model - correct answer Assumes rational behavior: 1. Perceived vulnerability to threat 2. Perceived severity to threat 3. Perceived barriers to taking action to reduce risk 4. Perceived effectiveness of taking action--> likelihood of behavior change (self-efficacy) Health Behavior (Bottom Line) - correct answer Enormous impact on health of Americans -Must be major target of PH efforts -Challenge because it reflects individual decisions and behaviors bias - correct answer systematic error in the design or conduct of a study that leads to a false association between exposure and disease blinding - correct answer a method of keeping subjects, and if possible, researchers unaware of which subjects are in an experimental group (getting a new drug) and which are in a control group (placebo) case-control study - correct answer epidemiologic study in which persons who have a disease are questioned about past exposures and compared with exposures of persons who do not have the disease cohort study - correct answer epidemiologic study in which large numbers of people are questioned about their exposures and followed over time to look for disease and factors that may be related to the development of the disease; one of the best ways to study chronic disease control group - correct answer comparison group in an epidemiologic study; in a clinical trial, subjects who are not exposed to the substance being tested; in a case-control group, subjects who do not have the disease cross-sectional study - correct answer epidemiologic study that providea a "snapshot" of a population; subjects are sampled at a particular point in time; gather descriptive data and generate a hypothesis epidemiology - correct answer the study of patterns of disease occurrence in human populations incidence - correct answer rate of new cases of a disease in a defined population at a specific time randomized control clinical trial - correct answer subjects are assigned to treatment group or control group at random; for double blinded control trials neither the subject nor the doctor (experimenter) knows which substance each subject is receiving. Double blinded randomized control trials are considered the gold standard of how a drug or vaccine should be tested. p value - correct answer the probability of obtaining the observed result by chance alone power - correct answer the probability of finding an effect, if there is, in fact, in fact; a large number of cases confers power prevalence - correct answer total number of cases of a disease existing in a defined population at a specific time statistics - correct answer a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of masses of numerical data; a collection of quantitative data List some common chronic diseases - correct answer -heart disease -hypertension (blowin out organ systems) -diabetes (blindness, amputation, innervation) -rheumatoid arthritis (chronic debilitation) -alzheimer's How can chronic studies be studied in Public Health? - correct answer -Clinical Trial -Cohort study -Case-control study -Cross-sectional study