QAL Plant Agriculture Test Questions with Verified Answers 2025
No Observable Effect Level (NOEL) - -the common formulations include atrazine, simazine,
maximum dose level of a pesticide that produces prometryn
no noticeable toxic effect on test animals
Neonicotinoids - -insecticide that mimics
Threshold Limit Value (TLV) - -a the efforts of nicotine, disrupts the central
chemical's airborne concentration in parts per nervous system causing paralysis and death,
million that produces no adverse affects over less toxic to mammals than organophosphates
time and carbamates, harmful to bees
Organochlorine - -one of the original Pyrethroids - -synthetic pesticides,
synthetic pesticides, used for mites and insects, interferes with sodium transport in nerve cells,
some highly poisonous to mammals, breaks they are persistent and found in waterways, they
down slowly, most early formulations now are often used with synergists, toxic to mammals,
banned: DDT, chlordane, toxaphene, dieldrin common formulations include bifenthrin,
permethrin, cypermethrin
Organophosphates - -some of the most
acutely toxic chemicals, many formulations are Sulfonylureas - -herbicides used on
absorbed through the skin, lungs, or digestive broadleafs and grasses, safe for mammels,
tract, they interfere with animal and human requires only low application rates, slightly toxic
nervous systems similar to carbamates, they to fish and invertebrates, resistance has
break down rapidly, common formulations developed to this family, common formulations
include malathion, diazinon, chlorpyrifos include rimsulfuron, sulfometuron methyl,
chlorsulfuron
Carbamates - -synthetic organic
pesticides, they break down rapidly, they impair Strobilurins - -fungicides that disrupts
nerve function, they are highly toxic to mammals respiration and metabolism to suppress
but does not build up in tissue, common pathogens, nontoxic to mammals, birds and
formulations include carbaryl, methomyl, metam- bees, highly toxic to fish and aquatic
sodium, metam-potassium invertebrates, common formulations include
pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin
Triazines - -important herbicide used to
control broadleaves and grasses, used as a Wettable Powders (W or WP) - -forms a
preemergent and postemergent, they inhibit milky suspension when mixed with water, uses
photosynthesis, they persist in soil and move higher percentages of active ingredients, safe for
with water and are frequently detected in phytotoxicity, the inert carrier is abrasive which
waterways, they are toxic to mammals and fish, wears out pumps and nozzles, potential hazard
1/8
, QAL Plant Agriculture Test Questions with Verified Answers 2025
of inhaling dust, requires constant agitation,
leaves visible residues
Water-Soluble Concentrates or Solutions (S) -
-dissolves in water, requires no agitation,
has the same hazards as other liquids, non-
Dry Flowable (DF) or Water_Dispersible abrasive to equipment, only a limited number of
Granules (WDG) - -similar to WP but pesticide liquids dissolve in water
consists of small granules, produces less dust
making it safer than WP, easy to mix and
measure, requires constant agitation
Low-Concentrate Solutions (S) - -ready to
use, no dilution required, consists of a small
amount of active ingredient dissolved in an
Soluble Powders (S or SP) - -similar to WP organic solvent, useful for structural, institutional,
but completely dissolves in water, requires no and household pests, limited availability, high
agitation, they are not abrasive to nozzles or cost per unit of active ingredient, harmful to
pumps, only a few pesticides available in SP foliage
because most active ingredients do not dissolve,
inhalation is a potential hazard
Ultra-Low-Volume Concentrates (ULV) - -
high concentrations (80-100%) of active
Emulsifiable Concentrate (E or EC) - - ingredient, requires application equipment suited
petroleum soluble, when added to water it to applying very small quantities of pesticide over
creates an emulsion which requires agitation, a large area, because of the high concentration
they are very versatile, they penetrate porous of active ingredients equipment calibration must
materials better than WP, if spilled they spread be extremely accurate
quickly and are difficult to clean up, porous PPE
will absorb them, they pass through skin more
readily than WP, can cause serious eye injury,
they are phytotoxic to sensitive plants, can Slurry (SL) - -paste-like mixture of finely
deteriorate rubber and plastic hoses and ground dusts, inhalation hazard, leaves thick
gaskets, can damage some pump parts and residues similar to paint, usually applied to seeds
corrode painted surfaces and plants to protect against insects or fungi,
they are abrasive to pumps and nozzles
Flowables (F) - -combines many
characteristics of EC and WP, this formula is Invert Emulsions - -water droplets
used when the active ingredient is an insoluble suspended in oil, requires constant agitation,
solid, uses finely ground pesticide particles with a reduces drift, reduces runoff and improves rain
liquid carrier and emulsifiers to form a resistance, serves as a sticker-spreader by
concentrated emulsion, requires constant improving surface coverage and absorption,
agitation, leaves visible residues, easy to handle difficult to get thorough coverage on underside of
and apply, abrasive to nozzles and pumps foliage
2/8
No Observable Effect Level (NOEL) - -the common formulations include atrazine, simazine,
maximum dose level of a pesticide that produces prometryn
no noticeable toxic effect on test animals
Neonicotinoids - -insecticide that mimics
Threshold Limit Value (TLV) - -a the efforts of nicotine, disrupts the central
chemical's airborne concentration in parts per nervous system causing paralysis and death,
million that produces no adverse affects over less toxic to mammals than organophosphates
time and carbamates, harmful to bees
Organochlorine - -one of the original Pyrethroids - -synthetic pesticides,
synthetic pesticides, used for mites and insects, interferes with sodium transport in nerve cells,
some highly poisonous to mammals, breaks they are persistent and found in waterways, they
down slowly, most early formulations now are often used with synergists, toxic to mammals,
banned: DDT, chlordane, toxaphene, dieldrin common formulations include bifenthrin,
permethrin, cypermethrin
Organophosphates - -some of the most
acutely toxic chemicals, many formulations are Sulfonylureas - -herbicides used on
absorbed through the skin, lungs, or digestive broadleafs and grasses, safe for mammels,
tract, they interfere with animal and human requires only low application rates, slightly toxic
nervous systems similar to carbamates, they to fish and invertebrates, resistance has
break down rapidly, common formulations developed to this family, common formulations
include malathion, diazinon, chlorpyrifos include rimsulfuron, sulfometuron methyl,
chlorsulfuron
Carbamates - -synthetic organic
pesticides, they break down rapidly, they impair Strobilurins - -fungicides that disrupts
nerve function, they are highly toxic to mammals respiration and metabolism to suppress
but does not build up in tissue, common pathogens, nontoxic to mammals, birds and
formulations include carbaryl, methomyl, metam- bees, highly toxic to fish and aquatic
sodium, metam-potassium invertebrates, common formulations include
pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin
Triazines - -important herbicide used to
control broadleaves and grasses, used as a Wettable Powders (W or WP) - -forms a
preemergent and postemergent, they inhibit milky suspension when mixed with water, uses
photosynthesis, they persist in soil and move higher percentages of active ingredients, safe for
with water and are frequently detected in phytotoxicity, the inert carrier is abrasive which
waterways, they are toxic to mammals and fish, wears out pumps and nozzles, potential hazard
1/8
, QAL Plant Agriculture Test Questions with Verified Answers 2025
of inhaling dust, requires constant agitation,
leaves visible residues
Water-Soluble Concentrates or Solutions (S) -
-dissolves in water, requires no agitation,
has the same hazards as other liquids, non-
Dry Flowable (DF) or Water_Dispersible abrasive to equipment, only a limited number of
Granules (WDG) - -similar to WP but pesticide liquids dissolve in water
consists of small granules, produces less dust
making it safer than WP, easy to mix and
measure, requires constant agitation
Low-Concentrate Solutions (S) - -ready to
use, no dilution required, consists of a small
amount of active ingredient dissolved in an
Soluble Powders (S or SP) - -similar to WP organic solvent, useful for structural, institutional,
but completely dissolves in water, requires no and household pests, limited availability, high
agitation, they are not abrasive to nozzles or cost per unit of active ingredient, harmful to
pumps, only a few pesticides available in SP foliage
because most active ingredients do not dissolve,
inhalation is a potential hazard
Ultra-Low-Volume Concentrates (ULV) - -
high concentrations (80-100%) of active
Emulsifiable Concentrate (E or EC) - - ingredient, requires application equipment suited
petroleum soluble, when added to water it to applying very small quantities of pesticide over
creates an emulsion which requires agitation, a large area, because of the high concentration
they are very versatile, they penetrate porous of active ingredients equipment calibration must
materials better than WP, if spilled they spread be extremely accurate
quickly and are difficult to clean up, porous PPE
will absorb them, they pass through skin more
readily than WP, can cause serious eye injury,
they are phytotoxic to sensitive plants, can Slurry (SL) - -paste-like mixture of finely
deteriorate rubber and plastic hoses and ground dusts, inhalation hazard, leaves thick
gaskets, can damage some pump parts and residues similar to paint, usually applied to seeds
corrode painted surfaces and plants to protect against insects or fungi,
they are abrasive to pumps and nozzles
Flowables (F) - -combines many
characteristics of EC and WP, this formula is Invert Emulsions - -water droplets
used when the active ingredient is an insoluble suspended in oil, requires constant agitation,
solid, uses finely ground pesticide particles with a reduces drift, reduces runoff and improves rain
liquid carrier and emulsifiers to form a resistance, serves as a sticker-spreader by
concentrated emulsion, requires constant improving surface coverage and absorption,
agitation, leaves visible residues, easy to handle difficult to get thorough coverage on underside of
and apply, abrasive to nozzles and pumps foliage
2/8
