2025 Med-Surg Nursing Mastery: System-
by-System Review + Questions and Verified
Answers
Table of Contents
1. Cardiovascular System
2. Respiratory System
3. Neurological System
4. Gastrointestinal System
5. Genitourinary System
6. Endocrine System
7. Musculoskeletal System
8. Integumentary System
9. Hematological System
10. Immune System
1. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Question 1: What is the normal range for adult heart rate? Answer: 60-100 beats per minute
for adults at rest.
Question 2: Which cardiac enzyme is most specific for myocardial infarction? Answer:
Troponin I and Troponin T are the most specific cardiac biomarkers for myocardial
infarction.
Question 3: What are the classic signs and symptoms of left-sided heart failure? Answer:
Dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, fatigue, weakness, displaced apical
pulse, S3 gallop, pulmonary crackles, and pink frothy sputum.
Question 4: What is the therapeutic range for warfarin (Coumadin) therapy? Answer: INR
of 2.0-3.0 for most conditions; 2.5-3.5 for mechanical heart valves.
Question 5: What are the modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease? Answer:
Smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity, physical inactivity, and
stress.
, Question 6: What is the first-line treatment for stable angina? Answer: Sublingual
nitroglycerin for acute episodes; beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, or long-acting
nitrates for prevention.
Question 7: What are the contraindications for thrombolytic therapy in MI? Answer: Active
bleeding, history of hemorrhagic stroke, recent surgery, severe hypertension (>180/110), and
pregnancy.
Question 8: What is the normal ejection fraction of the left ventricle? Answer: 55-70% is
considered normal ejection fraction.
Question 9: What are the signs of right-sided heart failure? Answer: Peripheral edema,
jugular vein distention, hepatomegaly, ascites, weight gain, and fatigue.
Question 10: What is the most common cause of cardiomyopathy? Answer: Ischemic
cardiomyopathy (caused by coronary artery disease) is the most common cause.
2. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Question 11: What is the normal range for arterial blood gas pH? Answer: 7.35-7.45
Question 12: What are the classic signs of pneumonia? Answer: Fever, chills, productive
cough, pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, and abnormal lung sounds (crackles, bronchial breath
sounds).
Question 13: What is the most common cause of COPD? Answer: Cigarette smoking
accounts for 85-90% of COPD cases.
Question 14: What are the normal values for PaCO2? Answer: 35-45 mmHg
Question 15: What is the priority nursing intervention for a patient with severe asthma
exacerbation? Answer: Administer high-flow oxygen and bronchodilators (albuterol),
monitor respiratory status, and prepare for possible intubation.
by-System Review + Questions and Verified
Answers
Table of Contents
1. Cardiovascular System
2. Respiratory System
3. Neurological System
4. Gastrointestinal System
5. Genitourinary System
6. Endocrine System
7. Musculoskeletal System
8. Integumentary System
9. Hematological System
10. Immune System
1. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Question 1: What is the normal range for adult heart rate? Answer: 60-100 beats per minute
for adults at rest.
Question 2: Which cardiac enzyme is most specific for myocardial infarction? Answer:
Troponin I and Troponin T are the most specific cardiac biomarkers for myocardial
infarction.
Question 3: What are the classic signs and symptoms of left-sided heart failure? Answer:
Dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, fatigue, weakness, displaced apical
pulse, S3 gallop, pulmonary crackles, and pink frothy sputum.
Question 4: What is the therapeutic range for warfarin (Coumadin) therapy? Answer: INR
of 2.0-3.0 for most conditions; 2.5-3.5 for mechanical heart valves.
Question 5: What are the modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease? Answer:
Smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity, physical inactivity, and
stress.
, Question 6: What is the first-line treatment for stable angina? Answer: Sublingual
nitroglycerin for acute episodes; beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, or long-acting
nitrates for prevention.
Question 7: What are the contraindications for thrombolytic therapy in MI? Answer: Active
bleeding, history of hemorrhagic stroke, recent surgery, severe hypertension (>180/110), and
pregnancy.
Question 8: What is the normal ejection fraction of the left ventricle? Answer: 55-70% is
considered normal ejection fraction.
Question 9: What are the signs of right-sided heart failure? Answer: Peripheral edema,
jugular vein distention, hepatomegaly, ascites, weight gain, and fatigue.
Question 10: What is the most common cause of cardiomyopathy? Answer: Ischemic
cardiomyopathy (caused by coronary artery disease) is the most common cause.
2. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Question 11: What is the normal range for arterial blood gas pH? Answer: 7.35-7.45
Question 12: What are the classic signs of pneumonia? Answer: Fever, chills, productive
cough, pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, and abnormal lung sounds (crackles, bronchial breath
sounds).
Question 13: What is the most common cause of COPD? Answer: Cigarette smoking
accounts for 85-90% of COPD cases.
Question 14: What are the normal values for PaCO2? Answer: 35-45 mmHg
Question 15: What is the priority nursing intervention for a patient with severe asthma
exacerbation? Answer: Administer high-flow oxygen and bronchodilators (albuterol),
monitor respiratory status, and prepare for possible intubation.
