NUR 521 Exam 3 Questions and Answers A+ Graded
natural immunity (innate or native) - -type of immunity that includes physical barriers
(e.g., skin), phagocytic cells, and natural killer cells. All of these factors are present
before exposure to a particular infectious agent, and all respond nonspecifically.
-specific acquired immunity - -Immunity in which responses occur only after
exposure to a foreign substance. Objective is to destroy antigens
-Antigens - -The foreign substances that induce specific responses in specific
acquired immunity
-Cell-mediated, Humoral (antibody-mediated) - -the two classes of specific acquired
immunity
-Cell-mediated immunity - -refers to immune responses in which targets are
attacked directly by immune system cells—specifically, cytolytic T cells and
macrophages
-Humoral immunity - -refers to immune responses that are mediated by antibodies.
-B lymphocytes - -have the job of making antibodies. Hence mediates humoral
immunity. produced in the bone marrow.
-Cytolytic T Cells - -attack and kill target cells directly, mature in the thymus
-Helper T cells - -contribute to the immune response in three ways: (1) they have an
essential role in antibody production by B cells; (2) they release factors that promote
type IV sensitivity reactions, also known as delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH); and
(3) they participate in the activation of cytolytic T cells.
Are the immune cell that HIV attacks
Mature in the thymus
-Macrophages - -Present in all organs and tissues, primary role is phagocytosis, (1)
they are required for activation of T cells (both helper T cells and cytolytic T cells), (2)
they are the final mediators of DTH, and (3) they phagocytize cells that have been
tagged with antibodies
-Dendritic Cells - -perform the same antigen-presenting task as do macrophages,
but do not act as scavengers
-Mast cells - -These cells mediate immediate hypersensitivity reactions, derived
from basophils, concentrated in the skin and other soft tissues, release histamine,
heparin, and other compounds that cause the symptoms of immediate
hypersensitivity
-Basophils - -These cells mediate immediate hypersensitivity reactions, circulate in
the blood, release histamine, heparin, and other compounds that cause the
symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity
, -Neutrophils - -phagocytize bacteria and other foreign particles, avidly devour cells
that have been tagged with antibodies of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class, major
contributors to inflammation
-Eosinophils - -attack and destroy foreign particles that have been coated with
antibodies of the IgE class. Their usual target is helminths (parasitic worms). also
contribute to tissue injury and inflammation associated with immediate
hypersensitivity reactions.
-Antibodies - -are a family of structurally related glycoproteins that mediate humoral
immunity. The most characteristic feature is their ability to recognize and bind with
specific antigens.
-Immunoglobulins and globulins. - -Alternative names for antibodies are
-B lymphocytes - -all antibodies are produced by
-IgA - -located in mucous membranes of the GI tract and lungs and in many
secretions, serve as the first line of defense against microbes entering the body via
these routes, transferred to infants via breastmilk (not absorbed in the GI tract, but
does protect the infant from microbes in the GI tract)
-IgD - -found only on the surface of mature B cells where it serves as a receptor for
antigen recognition (along with IgM)
-IgE - -bind to the surface of mast cells, stimulating the release of histamine,
heparin, and other mediators from the mast cell causing symptoms of allergy (hives,
hay fever), bind to parasitic worms, eosinophils bind to the ig, releasing compounds
that lyse the worm
-IgG - -Produced in copious amounts in response to antigenic stimulation, major
antibody in blood, promote target-cell lysis, binds target cells enhancing
phagocytosis, transferred across the placenta to fetal circulation providing neonatal
immunity
-IgM - -first class of antibody produced in response to an antigen, promotes target
cell lysis, present on the surface of mature B cells where it serves as a receptor for
antigen recognition along with IgD
-IgM - -if these are high, it signifies an acute infection
-Antigens - -are molecules that induce specific immune responses and, as a result,
become the targets of those responses. may trigger production of antibodies,
cytotoxic T cells, or both—all of which can then attack it
-epitopes or antigenic determinants - -Because antigens are large, antibodies
recognize and bind selected small portions of the antigen, referred to as
-hapten, carrier - -In research and in clinical practice, we may want to generate
antibodies to molecules that are too small to induce an immune response. To
, overcome this obstacle, we can link the small molecule to a larger molecule, usually
a protein. When this is done, the small molecule is referred to as a ________, and
the large molecule is referred to as a ______. At least some of the resultant
antibodies will be selective.
-Active Immunity - -Response to infection or to administration of a vaccine or toxoid.
(form own antibodies)
-Passive Immunity - -Conferred by giving a patient preformed antibodies (immune
globulins). protects immediately but persists only as long as the antibodies remain in
the body. (given antibodies)
-Killed vaccines - -are composed of whole, killed microbes or isolated microbial
components (e.g., the polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b or the
surface antigen of hepatitis B).
-live, attenuated vaccines - -are composed of live microbes that have been
weakened or rendered completely avirulent.
-Live vaccines - -can be dangerous in recipients who are immunocompromised
because these people are unable to mount an effective immune response, even
against an avirulent organism.
-toxoid - -is a bacterial toxin that has been changed to a nontoxic form.
Administration causes the recipient's immune system to manufacture antitoxins (i.e.,
antibodies directed against the natural bacterial toxin). Antitoxins protect against
injury from toxins but do not kill the bacteria that produce them
-Specific Immune Globulins - -These preparations contain a high concentration of
antibodies directed against a specific antigen (e.g., hepatitis B virus). Administration
provides immediate passive immunity. These preparations are made from donated
blood.
-True Contraindications of a vaccine - -Anaphylactic reaction to a vaccine,
Anaphylactic reaction to a vaccine component, moderate or severe illness with or
without fever
-Not contraindications of a vaccine - -mild to moderate local reaction (soreness,
erythema, swelling), mild acute illness with or without low-grade fever, diarrhea,
current antimicrobial therapy, convalescent (period of recovery) phase of illness,
prematurity (same requirements as full-term), recent exposure to an infectious
disease, personal or family history of penicillin allergy or nonspecific allergy
-MMR - -combination of three live virus vaccine preferred over separate vaccines for
each
-MMR, MMRV (varicella) - -vaccine also comes in a preparation with varicella
-live - -MMR vaccine is a ___ virus
natural immunity (innate or native) - -type of immunity that includes physical barriers
(e.g., skin), phagocytic cells, and natural killer cells. All of these factors are present
before exposure to a particular infectious agent, and all respond nonspecifically.
-specific acquired immunity - -Immunity in which responses occur only after
exposure to a foreign substance. Objective is to destroy antigens
-Antigens - -The foreign substances that induce specific responses in specific
acquired immunity
-Cell-mediated, Humoral (antibody-mediated) - -the two classes of specific acquired
immunity
-Cell-mediated immunity - -refers to immune responses in which targets are
attacked directly by immune system cells—specifically, cytolytic T cells and
macrophages
-Humoral immunity - -refers to immune responses that are mediated by antibodies.
-B lymphocytes - -have the job of making antibodies. Hence mediates humoral
immunity. produced in the bone marrow.
-Cytolytic T Cells - -attack and kill target cells directly, mature in the thymus
-Helper T cells - -contribute to the immune response in three ways: (1) they have an
essential role in antibody production by B cells; (2) they release factors that promote
type IV sensitivity reactions, also known as delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH); and
(3) they participate in the activation of cytolytic T cells.
Are the immune cell that HIV attacks
Mature in the thymus
-Macrophages - -Present in all organs and tissues, primary role is phagocytosis, (1)
they are required for activation of T cells (both helper T cells and cytolytic T cells), (2)
they are the final mediators of DTH, and (3) they phagocytize cells that have been
tagged with antibodies
-Dendritic Cells - -perform the same antigen-presenting task as do macrophages,
but do not act as scavengers
-Mast cells - -These cells mediate immediate hypersensitivity reactions, derived
from basophils, concentrated in the skin and other soft tissues, release histamine,
heparin, and other compounds that cause the symptoms of immediate
hypersensitivity
-Basophils - -These cells mediate immediate hypersensitivity reactions, circulate in
the blood, release histamine, heparin, and other compounds that cause the
symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity
, -Neutrophils - -phagocytize bacteria and other foreign particles, avidly devour cells
that have been tagged with antibodies of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class, major
contributors to inflammation
-Eosinophils - -attack and destroy foreign particles that have been coated with
antibodies of the IgE class. Their usual target is helminths (parasitic worms). also
contribute to tissue injury and inflammation associated with immediate
hypersensitivity reactions.
-Antibodies - -are a family of structurally related glycoproteins that mediate humoral
immunity. The most characteristic feature is their ability to recognize and bind with
specific antigens.
-Immunoglobulins and globulins. - -Alternative names for antibodies are
-B lymphocytes - -all antibodies are produced by
-IgA - -located in mucous membranes of the GI tract and lungs and in many
secretions, serve as the first line of defense against microbes entering the body via
these routes, transferred to infants via breastmilk (not absorbed in the GI tract, but
does protect the infant from microbes in the GI tract)
-IgD - -found only on the surface of mature B cells where it serves as a receptor for
antigen recognition (along with IgM)
-IgE - -bind to the surface of mast cells, stimulating the release of histamine,
heparin, and other mediators from the mast cell causing symptoms of allergy (hives,
hay fever), bind to parasitic worms, eosinophils bind to the ig, releasing compounds
that lyse the worm
-IgG - -Produced in copious amounts in response to antigenic stimulation, major
antibody in blood, promote target-cell lysis, binds target cells enhancing
phagocytosis, transferred across the placenta to fetal circulation providing neonatal
immunity
-IgM - -first class of antibody produced in response to an antigen, promotes target
cell lysis, present on the surface of mature B cells where it serves as a receptor for
antigen recognition along with IgD
-IgM - -if these are high, it signifies an acute infection
-Antigens - -are molecules that induce specific immune responses and, as a result,
become the targets of those responses. may trigger production of antibodies,
cytotoxic T cells, or both—all of which can then attack it
-epitopes or antigenic determinants - -Because antigens are large, antibodies
recognize and bind selected small portions of the antigen, referred to as
-hapten, carrier - -In research and in clinical practice, we may want to generate
antibodies to molecules that are too small to induce an immune response. To
, overcome this obstacle, we can link the small molecule to a larger molecule, usually
a protein. When this is done, the small molecule is referred to as a ________, and
the large molecule is referred to as a ______. At least some of the resultant
antibodies will be selective.
-Active Immunity - -Response to infection or to administration of a vaccine or toxoid.
(form own antibodies)
-Passive Immunity - -Conferred by giving a patient preformed antibodies (immune
globulins). protects immediately but persists only as long as the antibodies remain in
the body. (given antibodies)
-Killed vaccines - -are composed of whole, killed microbes or isolated microbial
components (e.g., the polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b or the
surface antigen of hepatitis B).
-live, attenuated vaccines - -are composed of live microbes that have been
weakened or rendered completely avirulent.
-Live vaccines - -can be dangerous in recipients who are immunocompromised
because these people are unable to mount an effective immune response, even
against an avirulent organism.
-toxoid - -is a bacterial toxin that has been changed to a nontoxic form.
Administration causes the recipient's immune system to manufacture antitoxins (i.e.,
antibodies directed against the natural bacterial toxin). Antitoxins protect against
injury from toxins but do not kill the bacteria that produce them
-Specific Immune Globulins - -These preparations contain a high concentration of
antibodies directed against a specific antigen (e.g., hepatitis B virus). Administration
provides immediate passive immunity. These preparations are made from donated
blood.
-True Contraindications of a vaccine - -Anaphylactic reaction to a vaccine,
Anaphylactic reaction to a vaccine component, moderate or severe illness with or
without fever
-Not contraindications of a vaccine - -mild to moderate local reaction (soreness,
erythema, swelling), mild acute illness with or without low-grade fever, diarrhea,
current antimicrobial therapy, convalescent (period of recovery) phase of illness,
prematurity (same requirements as full-term), recent exposure to an infectious
disease, personal or family history of penicillin allergy or nonspecific allergy
-MMR - -combination of three live virus vaccine preferred over separate vaccines for
each
-MMR, MMRV (varicella) - -vaccine also comes in a preparation with varicella
-live - -MMR vaccine is a ___ virus
