Answers
paradigm shift - -Theory X -> Theory Y; were the same.
Industrial -> Service -> Knowledge
Hawthorne Studies - Bank Wiring Room - -
One-eighth rule - -1/2 of managers believe 3rd phase. This time they did not add variables
in importance of human side of enterprise; 1/2 of like the 2nd phase and they used the regular
those (1/4) actually take steps to implement; 1/2 supervisors. There was no increase in
of those (1/8) execute their steps long enough to productivity. This is because of informal group
see results norm.
HPWP - -high performance work practices; Informal Group Norm - -Group decides
pay for performance, self-managed teams, what an honest day's work is. Even if more
360/multi-sourced feedback systems production = more pay and greater job security,
social pressures restrict output.
EBM - -Evidence based management;
resolution to the knowing-doing gap. Those who Results of Hawthorne Studies - -Some
understand the research and put it into practicepeople discredit these because of Hawthorne
will beat out those who are stuck talking about effect = interesting/novel experience and
what to do next. attention led to increased productivity. But the
polls of participants show this isn't the only factor.
Participants preferred relay room over bank
wiring room because of group size, supervision,
Hawthorne Studies - -First studies into OB; and earnings as reasons 1-3. Only reasons 4-6
Showed that human behavior and motivation are have to do with Hawthorne effect.
complex
Theory - -Answers why, explains causal
Hawthorne Studies - OG phase - -Trying to relationships
study the effects of room lighting on
performance. Showed that the change in lighting
did not affect performance, in fact both test and
control group increased production. Internal Validity - -Need to prove that there
were no outside factors to prove causation.
Hawthorne Studes - Relay Room - -2nd
phase in the study. Add in variables they thought External Validity - -Need to prove that the
would impact performance like method of results do not apply to just your subset, but to
payment and hours worked, but still the results everyone everywhere