CMB 201 - Exam 2
All nucleated cells in a human body normally have:
A. class I MHC molecules.
B. class II MHC molecules.
C. CD8 surface coreceptors.
D. CD4 surface coreceptors. - (correct Answer) - A. class I MHC molecules.
Why can it be more difficult to treat infections in the brain than in other locations?
A. Neurotransmitters inhibit antibiotic activity.
B. Antibiotics can be blocked by the blood-brain barrier.
C. The pH of the brain alters the efficacy of the antibiotic.
D. Antibiotics affect the diffusion of neurotransmitters. - (correct Answer) - B. In brain capillaries,
endothelial cells form extremely tight junctions with no breaks for leakage. These junctions block the
passage of most things except for very small molecules.
Transplanting organs from a donor with one type of MHC protein into a recipient with a different type of
MHC is called what?
A. Autograft
B. Allograft
C. Xenograft
D. Isograft - (correct Answer) - B. the allotypic MHC proteins of the donor play a major role in the
transplantation rejection process.
Opsonization is a process that does which of the following, and why?
A. Facilitates phagocytosis because antibodies bind to bacteria
B. Facilitates extravasation because it promotes integrin production
C. Inhibits phagocytosis because bacterial capsules block antibodies
D. Inhibits extravasation because it inhibits integrin production - (correct Answer) - A. In opsonization,
antibodies bind to bacteria, and the Fc portion of the antibodies binds to receptors on the macrophage
surface.
Which of the processes below are parts of the humoral immune response, and which are parts of the
cell-mediated immune response?
,A. Killing most types of bacteria
B. Cytokine activation of machrophages
C. Activation of B-cells
D. The production of memory B-cells
E. The production of plasma cells
F. The activation of killer T-cells
G. Killing virally infected cells - (correct Answer) - Humoral Immunity: A, C, D, E
Cell-Mediated Immunity: B, F, G
What is the difference between humoral immunity and cellular immunity? - (correct Answer) - Humoral
refers to the fluids of the body and the water soluble proteins (such as antibodies) that circulate in it.
Cellular immunity is largely associated with the processes that cause cells to directly kill other cells in the
body.
The body's immune response to a microbe is really multiple responses to multiple small regions of that
microbe. Each small region that is recognized by a specific component of the immune system is referred
to as what?
A. An epitope
B. An antigen
C. A hapten
D. An antibody - (correct Answer) - A. each antibody binds to a specific epitope on the microbe or
antigen
Patients who have functioning T cells but dysfunctional B cells will retain
A. the ability to produce plasma cells.
B. cell-mediated immunity.
C. the ability to produce antibodies.
D. humoral immunity. - (correct Answer) - B. B cells are responsible for the production of antibodies
during a humoral immunity response. The specific cells that secrete antibodies are differentiated B cells
known as plasma cells. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity.
Which of the following body compartments are sterile in healthy individuals?
A. Heart
B. Stomach
,C. Oropharynx
D. Cerebrospinal fluid
E. Blood - (correct Answer) - A, D, E: the heart, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid are all behind barriers that
prevent microbial entry in healthy individuals.
The complement protein cascade is the same for the classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin
pathway after the point in the cascade where the activation of _____ takes place.
A. C3
B. C5
C. C1
D. C2 - (correct Answer) - A. All complement pathways converge at the complement C3 protein.
Which class of antibody is capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to the fetus?
A. IgA
B. IgM
C. IgG
D. IgE
E. IgD - (correct Answer) - C. IgG is the only class of antibody capable of crossing the placenta. It is the
smallest of the antibody classes and is the most abundant form in blood serum.
Which class of antibody is the first to be detected in the early stages of an adaptive immune response?
A. IgG
B. IgE
C. IgM
D. IgA
E. IgD - (correct Answer) - C. IgM is the first antibody isotype to be detected in the early stages of an
immune response.
Which antibody class is most commonly associated with allergies?
A. IgE
B. IgD
C. IgA
D. IgM
, E. IgG - (correct Answer) - A. IgE associates with mast cells and basophils and stimulates the release of
histamine and other chemicals associated with inflammation.
Superantigens are able to bind to two different receptor proteins at the same time and cross-link them.
Which two molecules does a superantigen bind to?
A. A T-cell receptor and a CD8 receptor
B. A T-cell receptor and an MHC class II receptor
C. A CD8 receptor and an MHC class I receptor
D. An MHC class I receptor and an MHC class II receptor - (correct Answer) - B. a superantigen can link a
T-cell receptor to an MHC class II receptor. This mimics the response that occurs when the TCR binds to
the antigen, even if the TCR cannot bind to that antigen.
What is the result of a superantigen cross-linking T-Cell receptors?
A. It can stop APCs from displaying antigens.
B. It can block the activation of a T cell.
C. It can cause the T cell to become activated without binding to antigen.
D. It kills the APC that is displaying antigens. - (correct Answer) - C. the binding causes a nonspecific
activation of T cells.
Some viruses have the ability to evade the immune system by blocking the cell's ability to display
antigens in MHC class I receptors. How would the loss of MHC class I receptors affect the immune
system's response?
A. It would prevent the activation of helper T lymphocytes.
B. It would prevent cytotoxic T cells from recognizing the cell as infected.
C. It would cause nonspecific activation of the B cells.
D. It would prevent the activation of B cells. - (correct Answer) - B. cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells only
if they recognize the antigen being displayed in the MHC class I receptors. If the antigen is not displayed,
there is nothing for the T cell to interact with.
Clavulanic acid is used in the fight against antibiotic-resistant infections. Which antibiotic from the list
below is most likely to be administered along with clavulanic acid?
A. Amoxicillin
B. Rifampicin
C. Tetracycline
D. Triple sulfa - (correct Answer) - clavulanic acid negatively affects beta-lactamase. Beta-lactamase, if
being produced by the bacteria, deactivates beta-lactam drugs (such as amoxicillin). The administration
All nucleated cells in a human body normally have:
A. class I MHC molecules.
B. class II MHC molecules.
C. CD8 surface coreceptors.
D. CD4 surface coreceptors. - (correct Answer) - A. class I MHC molecules.
Why can it be more difficult to treat infections in the brain than in other locations?
A. Neurotransmitters inhibit antibiotic activity.
B. Antibiotics can be blocked by the blood-brain barrier.
C. The pH of the brain alters the efficacy of the antibiotic.
D. Antibiotics affect the diffusion of neurotransmitters. - (correct Answer) - B. In brain capillaries,
endothelial cells form extremely tight junctions with no breaks for leakage. These junctions block the
passage of most things except for very small molecules.
Transplanting organs from a donor with one type of MHC protein into a recipient with a different type of
MHC is called what?
A. Autograft
B. Allograft
C. Xenograft
D. Isograft - (correct Answer) - B. the allotypic MHC proteins of the donor play a major role in the
transplantation rejection process.
Opsonization is a process that does which of the following, and why?
A. Facilitates phagocytosis because antibodies bind to bacteria
B. Facilitates extravasation because it promotes integrin production
C. Inhibits phagocytosis because bacterial capsules block antibodies
D. Inhibits extravasation because it inhibits integrin production - (correct Answer) - A. In opsonization,
antibodies bind to bacteria, and the Fc portion of the antibodies binds to receptors on the macrophage
surface.
Which of the processes below are parts of the humoral immune response, and which are parts of the
cell-mediated immune response?
,A. Killing most types of bacteria
B. Cytokine activation of machrophages
C. Activation of B-cells
D. The production of memory B-cells
E. The production of plasma cells
F. The activation of killer T-cells
G. Killing virally infected cells - (correct Answer) - Humoral Immunity: A, C, D, E
Cell-Mediated Immunity: B, F, G
What is the difference between humoral immunity and cellular immunity? - (correct Answer) - Humoral
refers to the fluids of the body and the water soluble proteins (such as antibodies) that circulate in it.
Cellular immunity is largely associated with the processes that cause cells to directly kill other cells in the
body.
The body's immune response to a microbe is really multiple responses to multiple small regions of that
microbe. Each small region that is recognized by a specific component of the immune system is referred
to as what?
A. An epitope
B. An antigen
C. A hapten
D. An antibody - (correct Answer) - A. each antibody binds to a specific epitope on the microbe or
antigen
Patients who have functioning T cells but dysfunctional B cells will retain
A. the ability to produce plasma cells.
B. cell-mediated immunity.
C. the ability to produce antibodies.
D. humoral immunity. - (correct Answer) - B. B cells are responsible for the production of antibodies
during a humoral immunity response. The specific cells that secrete antibodies are differentiated B cells
known as plasma cells. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity.
Which of the following body compartments are sterile in healthy individuals?
A. Heart
B. Stomach
,C. Oropharynx
D. Cerebrospinal fluid
E. Blood - (correct Answer) - A, D, E: the heart, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid are all behind barriers that
prevent microbial entry in healthy individuals.
The complement protein cascade is the same for the classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin
pathway after the point in the cascade where the activation of _____ takes place.
A. C3
B. C5
C. C1
D. C2 - (correct Answer) - A. All complement pathways converge at the complement C3 protein.
Which class of antibody is capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to the fetus?
A. IgA
B. IgM
C. IgG
D. IgE
E. IgD - (correct Answer) - C. IgG is the only class of antibody capable of crossing the placenta. It is the
smallest of the antibody classes and is the most abundant form in blood serum.
Which class of antibody is the first to be detected in the early stages of an adaptive immune response?
A. IgG
B. IgE
C. IgM
D. IgA
E. IgD - (correct Answer) - C. IgM is the first antibody isotype to be detected in the early stages of an
immune response.
Which antibody class is most commonly associated with allergies?
A. IgE
B. IgD
C. IgA
D. IgM
, E. IgG - (correct Answer) - A. IgE associates with mast cells and basophils and stimulates the release of
histamine and other chemicals associated with inflammation.
Superantigens are able to bind to two different receptor proteins at the same time and cross-link them.
Which two molecules does a superantigen bind to?
A. A T-cell receptor and a CD8 receptor
B. A T-cell receptor and an MHC class II receptor
C. A CD8 receptor and an MHC class I receptor
D. An MHC class I receptor and an MHC class II receptor - (correct Answer) - B. a superantigen can link a
T-cell receptor to an MHC class II receptor. This mimics the response that occurs when the TCR binds to
the antigen, even if the TCR cannot bind to that antigen.
What is the result of a superantigen cross-linking T-Cell receptors?
A. It can stop APCs from displaying antigens.
B. It can block the activation of a T cell.
C. It can cause the T cell to become activated without binding to antigen.
D. It kills the APC that is displaying antigens. - (correct Answer) - C. the binding causes a nonspecific
activation of T cells.
Some viruses have the ability to evade the immune system by blocking the cell's ability to display
antigens in MHC class I receptors. How would the loss of MHC class I receptors affect the immune
system's response?
A. It would prevent the activation of helper T lymphocytes.
B. It would prevent cytotoxic T cells from recognizing the cell as infected.
C. It would cause nonspecific activation of the B cells.
D. It would prevent the activation of B cells. - (correct Answer) - B. cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells only
if they recognize the antigen being displayed in the MHC class I receptors. If the antigen is not displayed,
there is nothing for the T cell to interact with.
Clavulanic acid is used in the fight against antibiotic-resistant infections. Which antibiotic from the list
below is most likely to be administered along with clavulanic acid?
A. Amoxicillin
B. Rifampicin
C. Tetracycline
D. Triple sulfa - (correct Answer) - clavulanic acid negatively affects beta-lactamase. Beta-lactamase, if
being produced by the bacteria, deactivates beta-lactam drugs (such as amoxicillin). The administration
