Political Spoils Era - Accurate answers 1830s-1920s
northeast and upper midwest
patronage
irish
order maintenance style (keeping the peace)
Professional Merit Era - Accurate answers 1920s-1960s
merit hiring and promotion
technology
detachment from public
legalistic style (crime fighters)
Community Policing Era - Accurate answers 1960-present
partnership w community
prevention and discretion
9 principles of policing
9 principles of policing - Accurate answers Major themes:
prevent crime and disorder
cooperation from public
restrictive use of force
impartial enforcement of the law
limited powers
Contradictions in policing - Accurate answers -police are expected to enforce laws at all times, but
the public would never tolerate full enforcement/police would be ridiculed
-police in reality are extremely limited in their ability to cope w crime
-police are expected to be coercive/authoritarian but also be supportive and friendly
-police are supposed to project neutrality but circumstances lead them to act with flexibility
-police do not have the authority or resources to deal with much business that comes their way
-the system is so overcrowded and disorganized that it is incapable of achieving justice or administering
punishment
-police are expected to act aggressively but must do so in accordance w procedures
Recommendations for contradictions in policing - Accurate answers - rethink police function
- recognize police discretion
- prioritize democratic values
- altering public expectations
- providing authority and resources
- improving related systems
- the quality of service
, What is culture? - Accurate answers -collective sense making
- central organizing principle
1. Ideas, knowledge (correct, wrong, or unverifiable belief) and recipes for doing things;
2. Behaviors, signs, and rituals;
3. Humanly fabricated tools including media
4. Social and organizational structures;
5. The products of social action, including conflicts, that may emerge in concrete interpersonal and inter-
social encounters and that may be drawn upon in further construction of the first four elements of
collective sense-making.
Concerns when studying a culture - Accurate answers 1. Cultural autonomy - is the observed group
really a stable and independent entity?Cultural identity emerges not because of isolation from other
groups but because of interaction with them; elements develop to allow members to distinguish
themselves from "outsiders"
2. Observer objectivity - is the observer really seeing the culture as the members live it or as the
observer interacts with it? There are directly observable facts (e.g., a rock, a lake) and institutional facts,
which are statements about the meaning and function of things that are conceptual, functional, and not
directly observable (e.g., marriage and language); always dependent on observer's standpoint.
Values are relative to language; cannot "observe" a value without language
3. Location of culture• Culture is "in our heads"; it is what we create to give meaning to life; individuals
create culture
Components of Culture - Accurate answers 1. Ideational component - ways of thinking about
issues; includes ethics
2. Behavioral component - accepted practices, rules, and principles of conduct that are applied in
particular situations; a person's behavior and ideas can conflict, such as a person who is prejudiced but
who treats all customers the same.
3. Material component - culture is expressed through tool-making and information processing
structures; e.g., guns are tools with symbolic meaning for police; e.g., media
4. Social structural component - expression through physical and organizational things; e.g., police
department structure, an officer's "beat", strategies, and policies
5. Emergent component
a. Social action gives rise to new cultural elements
b. Cultural construction is a creative activity
c. New culture is a product of interactions with other groups
d. New culture may be a product of conflict with other groups
Onion Analogy of police cultural themes - Accurate answers Noble Cause (inner layer)
Street
Environments
Uncertainty
Solidarity
Loose Coupling and Death (outer layer)
Tennessee v. Garner (1985) - Accurate answers Deadly force may not be used against an unarmed
and fleeing suspect unless necessary to prevent the escape and unless the officer has probable cause to
believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious injury to the officers or others.
Police may use deadly force:
northeast and upper midwest
patronage
irish
order maintenance style (keeping the peace)
Professional Merit Era - Accurate answers 1920s-1960s
merit hiring and promotion
technology
detachment from public
legalistic style (crime fighters)
Community Policing Era - Accurate answers 1960-present
partnership w community
prevention and discretion
9 principles of policing
9 principles of policing - Accurate answers Major themes:
prevent crime and disorder
cooperation from public
restrictive use of force
impartial enforcement of the law
limited powers
Contradictions in policing - Accurate answers -police are expected to enforce laws at all times, but
the public would never tolerate full enforcement/police would be ridiculed
-police in reality are extremely limited in their ability to cope w crime
-police are expected to be coercive/authoritarian but also be supportive and friendly
-police are supposed to project neutrality but circumstances lead them to act with flexibility
-police do not have the authority or resources to deal with much business that comes their way
-the system is so overcrowded and disorganized that it is incapable of achieving justice or administering
punishment
-police are expected to act aggressively but must do so in accordance w procedures
Recommendations for contradictions in policing - Accurate answers - rethink police function
- recognize police discretion
- prioritize democratic values
- altering public expectations
- providing authority and resources
- improving related systems
- the quality of service
, What is culture? - Accurate answers -collective sense making
- central organizing principle
1. Ideas, knowledge (correct, wrong, or unverifiable belief) and recipes for doing things;
2. Behaviors, signs, and rituals;
3. Humanly fabricated tools including media
4. Social and organizational structures;
5. The products of social action, including conflicts, that may emerge in concrete interpersonal and inter-
social encounters and that may be drawn upon in further construction of the first four elements of
collective sense-making.
Concerns when studying a culture - Accurate answers 1. Cultural autonomy - is the observed group
really a stable and independent entity?Cultural identity emerges not because of isolation from other
groups but because of interaction with them; elements develop to allow members to distinguish
themselves from "outsiders"
2. Observer objectivity - is the observer really seeing the culture as the members live it or as the
observer interacts with it? There are directly observable facts (e.g., a rock, a lake) and institutional facts,
which are statements about the meaning and function of things that are conceptual, functional, and not
directly observable (e.g., marriage and language); always dependent on observer's standpoint.
Values are relative to language; cannot "observe" a value without language
3. Location of culture• Culture is "in our heads"; it is what we create to give meaning to life; individuals
create culture
Components of Culture - Accurate answers 1. Ideational component - ways of thinking about
issues; includes ethics
2. Behavioral component - accepted practices, rules, and principles of conduct that are applied in
particular situations; a person's behavior and ideas can conflict, such as a person who is prejudiced but
who treats all customers the same.
3. Material component - culture is expressed through tool-making and information processing
structures; e.g., guns are tools with symbolic meaning for police; e.g., media
4. Social structural component - expression through physical and organizational things; e.g., police
department structure, an officer's "beat", strategies, and policies
5. Emergent component
a. Social action gives rise to new cultural elements
b. Cultural construction is a creative activity
c. New culture is a product of interactions with other groups
d. New culture may be a product of conflict with other groups
Onion Analogy of police cultural themes - Accurate answers Noble Cause (inner layer)
Street
Environments
Uncertainty
Solidarity
Loose Coupling and Death (outer layer)
Tennessee v. Garner (1985) - Accurate answers Deadly force may not be used against an unarmed
and fleeing suspect unless necessary to prevent the escape and unless the officer has probable cause to
believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious injury to the officers or others.
Police may use deadly force:
