MODULE 7 CORRELATIONAL
ANALYSIS AND LINEAR REGRESSION
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2025
___ is performed to measure and describe how two quantitative variables are related -
ANSWERCorrelational analysis
Correlational analysis is performed when variables are observed in their ___ rather than
being manipulated in a study - ANSWERobserved in their natural state
___ describes the direction of a relationship, form of a relationship (linear, curvilinear,
quadratic, or cubic), and the degree of a relationship. - ANSWERCorrelation
___ describes the direction of the linear relationship between two variables -
ANSWERCovariance
If two variables covary, one of two directions exist in the plot of variables:
1.
2. - ANSWER1. Both variables increase or decrease together.
OR
2. As one variable increases the other decreases
Covariance does not imply __ - ANSWERCovariance does not imply causation
___ is a limitation of correlational studies, however, correlation being established is the
first step in determining ___ - ANSWERCausation, causality
The most common ways correlations are represented graphically are with ___, a graph
in which two measurements are obtained from each individual in the study and paired
variable scores are plotted as coordinate pairs. - ANSWERscatterplots
In scatterplots, the independent variable is on the ___ and the dependent variable is on
the __ - ANSWERIn scatterplots, the independent variable is on the x-axis and the
dependent variable is on the y-axis.
In scatterplots, the independent variable is called the ___ and the dependent variable is
called the __ - ANSWERexplanatory, response
A linear relationship describes when plotted pairs ___ - ANSWERapproximate a straight
line
, A positive correlation indicates - ANSWERthat both variables are increasing together
A negative correlation indicates - ANSWERthat an increase in the explanatory variable
results in a decrease in response variables
No correlation indicates - ANSWERThere is no relationship between two variables, on a
scatterplot points are spread out and do not resemble a straight line.
When values of two variables appear to be related, but the relationship does not follow
a linear pattern, this is called a ___ relationship - ANSWERnonlinear or curvilinear
relationship (for example exponential relationship)
The ___, Pearson's r, measures the degree of linear relationship or consistency of the
relationship - ANSWERcorrelation coefficient
r = -1 indicates - ANSWERperfect negative relationship, perfectly inverse relationship
between x and y
r=0 indicates - ANSWERno correlation
r = +1 indicates - ANSWERperfectly positive relationship between x and y
Researchers typically look for a correlation coefficient of what values before considering
a relationship between two variables? - ANSWERr<-0.05 or r>0.05
r =0.7 to 0.9 indicates a - ANSWERhigh correlation
r= 0.5 to 0.7 indicates - ANSWERmoderate correlation
r=0.3 to 0.5 indicates - ANSWERlow positive correlation
r=0.0 to 0.3 indicates - ANSWERvery weak or negligible correlation
As the r-values move closer to +1 and -1, the points resemble ___ - ANSWERstraight
lines
___ results in smaller correlation coefficients and inaccurate relationship measures
between two variables - ANSWERRange restriction
True/False:
Correlational analysis is not impacted by outliers - ANSWERFalse, correlational
analysis is impacted by outliers
___ is a correlation coefficient that is calculated to determine the degree and direction of
the relationship between X and Y if a linear relationship exists. - ANSWERPearson's r
ANALYSIS AND LINEAR REGRESSION
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2025
___ is performed to measure and describe how two quantitative variables are related -
ANSWERCorrelational analysis
Correlational analysis is performed when variables are observed in their ___ rather than
being manipulated in a study - ANSWERobserved in their natural state
___ describes the direction of a relationship, form of a relationship (linear, curvilinear,
quadratic, or cubic), and the degree of a relationship. - ANSWERCorrelation
___ describes the direction of the linear relationship between two variables -
ANSWERCovariance
If two variables covary, one of two directions exist in the plot of variables:
1.
2. - ANSWER1. Both variables increase or decrease together.
OR
2. As one variable increases the other decreases
Covariance does not imply __ - ANSWERCovariance does not imply causation
___ is a limitation of correlational studies, however, correlation being established is the
first step in determining ___ - ANSWERCausation, causality
The most common ways correlations are represented graphically are with ___, a graph
in which two measurements are obtained from each individual in the study and paired
variable scores are plotted as coordinate pairs. - ANSWERscatterplots
In scatterplots, the independent variable is on the ___ and the dependent variable is on
the __ - ANSWERIn scatterplots, the independent variable is on the x-axis and the
dependent variable is on the y-axis.
In scatterplots, the independent variable is called the ___ and the dependent variable is
called the __ - ANSWERexplanatory, response
A linear relationship describes when plotted pairs ___ - ANSWERapproximate a straight
line
, A positive correlation indicates - ANSWERthat both variables are increasing together
A negative correlation indicates - ANSWERthat an increase in the explanatory variable
results in a decrease in response variables
No correlation indicates - ANSWERThere is no relationship between two variables, on a
scatterplot points are spread out and do not resemble a straight line.
When values of two variables appear to be related, but the relationship does not follow
a linear pattern, this is called a ___ relationship - ANSWERnonlinear or curvilinear
relationship (for example exponential relationship)
The ___, Pearson's r, measures the degree of linear relationship or consistency of the
relationship - ANSWERcorrelation coefficient
r = -1 indicates - ANSWERperfect negative relationship, perfectly inverse relationship
between x and y
r=0 indicates - ANSWERno correlation
r = +1 indicates - ANSWERperfectly positive relationship between x and y
Researchers typically look for a correlation coefficient of what values before considering
a relationship between two variables? - ANSWERr<-0.05 or r>0.05
r =0.7 to 0.9 indicates a - ANSWERhigh correlation
r= 0.5 to 0.7 indicates - ANSWERmoderate correlation
r=0.3 to 0.5 indicates - ANSWERlow positive correlation
r=0.0 to 0.3 indicates - ANSWERvery weak or negligible correlation
As the r-values move closer to +1 and -1, the points resemble ___ - ANSWERstraight
lines
___ results in smaller correlation coefficients and inaccurate relationship measures
between two variables - ANSWERRange restriction
True/False:
Correlational analysis is not impacted by outliers - ANSWERFalse, correlational
analysis is impacted by outliers
___ is a correlation coefficient that is calculated to determine the degree and direction of
the relationship between X and Y if a linear relationship exists. - ANSWERPearson's r
