STATISTICS MOD 1 EXAM PORTAGE
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS 2025
Statistics - ANSWERencompass the mathematical field that allows us to organize,
summarize, describe, and interpret different forms of information
data (singular datum) - ANSWERmathematical formulas and calculations to understand
both small and large sets of information
Name 3 reasons why statistics are important. - ANSWER1. Allows data to be described
and communicated succinctly and concisely
2. allow us to draw inferences about data, particularly when it is not feasible to collect
information from all members of a certain group
3. equips us with the necessary tools to make everyday decisions
What are variables? - ANSWERMeasurable characteristics that vary, or change, over
time or across people. can be divided into two categories.
what are the two categories variables can be divided into? - ANSWERQualitative and
quantitative
Qualitative - ANSWER(categorical)
- non numerical
-discrete
-use labels or categories
-example: religion, ethnicity, eye color
Quantitative - ANSWER-measured in numeric terms
-divided further: discrete or continuous
-examples: weight, height, heart rate, and test scores
discrete - ANSWER-organized by whole numbers
-Discrete variables are those that can only hold discrete values that can be obtained by
counting. An example would be the number of restaurants in a particular town
continuous - ANSWER-Continuous variables can theoretically be broken down into
infinitely smaller, fractional components
-Examples of continuous variables include temperature, length, time, and speed.
experiment - ANSWERa specific research methodology aimed at examining cause-
effect relationships
, experimental studies - ANSWERstudies in which the independent variables are directly
manipulated and the effects on the dependent variable are examined
what are the important variables in experimental studies? - ANSWERindependent
variables, dependent variables, control variables, extraneous or confounding variables
independent variables - ANSWERthe variable manipulated by researchers to observe
the dependent variable
dependent variables - ANSWERthe variable measured for observation
extraneous or confounding variable - ANSWERany variables that could unintentionally
affect the dependent variable
- not always problematic as long as the all affect each other equally
Control Variables (constants) - ANSWERvariable that remains unchanged throughout
the experiment
What are the types of measurement scales? - ANSWERNOIR
nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
qualitative variables use what measurement scales? - ANSWERNominal or ordinal
quantitative variables use what measurement scales? - ANSWERinterval or ratio
nominal scale - ANSWER-means "names"
-provides categorical info
-values not in any order
ex) political party affiliation, blood types, college major, room number
ordinal scale - ANSWER-means "ordering"
-categorical info
-info about ranking size or measure
-no info on the difference between values
ex) runners placement- 1st, 2nd, 3rd or t-shirt sizes- s, m, l, xl,
interval scale - ANSWER-contains ordered values that are the same distant apart
-no absolute meaningful zero
-can have negative values
ex) Fahrenheit temp (75, 76, 77, 78 or can be 0 or -17)
ratio scale - ANSWER-contains ordered values that are the same
-contains absolute meaningful zero
-divided in meaningful way
-zero is absolute zero and means and absence of something
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS 2025
Statistics - ANSWERencompass the mathematical field that allows us to organize,
summarize, describe, and interpret different forms of information
data (singular datum) - ANSWERmathematical formulas and calculations to understand
both small and large sets of information
Name 3 reasons why statistics are important. - ANSWER1. Allows data to be described
and communicated succinctly and concisely
2. allow us to draw inferences about data, particularly when it is not feasible to collect
information from all members of a certain group
3. equips us with the necessary tools to make everyday decisions
What are variables? - ANSWERMeasurable characteristics that vary, or change, over
time or across people. can be divided into two categories.
what are the two categories variables can be divided into? - ANSWERQualitative and
quantitative
Qualitative - ANSWER(categorical)
- non numerical
-discrete
-use labels or categories
-example: religion, ethnicity, eye color
Quantitative - ANSWER-measured in numeric terms
-divided further: discrete or continuous
-examples: weight, height, heart rate, and test scores
discrete - ANSWER-organized by whole numbers
-Discrete variables are those that can only hold discrete values that can be obtained by
counting. An example would be the number of restaurants in a particular town
continuous - ANSWER-Continuous variables can theoretically be broken down into
infinitely smaller, fractional components
-Examples of continuous variables include temperature, length, time, and speed.
experiment - ANSWERa specific research methodology aimed at examining cause-
effect relationships
, experimental studies - ANSWERstudies in which the independent variables are directly
manipulated and the effects on the dependent variable are examined
what are the important variables in experimental studies? - ANSWERindependent
variables, dependent variables, control variables, extraneous or confounding variables
independent variables - ANSWERthe variable manipulated by researchers to observe
the dependent variable
dependent variables - ANSWERthe variable measured for observation
extraneous or confounding variable - ANSWERany variables that could unintentionally
affect the dependent variable
- not always problematic as long as the all affect each other equally
Control Variables (constants) - ANSWERvariable that remains unchanged throughout
the experiment
What are the types of measurement scales? - ANSWERNOIR
nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
qualitative variables use what measurement scales? - ANSWERNominal or ordinal
quantitative variables use what measurement scales? - ANSWERinterval or ratio
nominal scale - ANSWER-means "names"
-provides categorical info
-values not in any order
ex) political party affiliation, blood types, college major, room number
ordinal scale - ANSWER-means "ordering"
-categorical info
-info about ranking size or measure
-no info on the difference between values
ex) runners placement- 1st, 2nd, 3rd or t-shirt sizes- s, m, l, xl,
interval scale - ANSWER-contains ordered values that are the same distant apart
-no absolute meaningful zero
-can have negative values
ex) Fahrenheit temp (75, 76, 77, 78 or can be 0 or -17)
ratio scale - ANSWER-contains ordered values that are the same
-contains absolute meaningful zero
-divided in meaningful way
-zero is absolute zero and means and absence of something
