NSG530 / NSG 530 Exam (Latest 2025 /
2026): Advanced Pathophysiology | Questions
and Verified Answers | 100% Correct | Grade
A - Wilkes
How do penicillins and cephalosporins work?
A. by inhibition of protein synthesis
B. By inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis
C. by weakening the cell wall and promoting lysis and death
D. By increasing permeability of cell membranes, increasing leakage of
intracellular materials - ANSWER C. By weakening the cell wall and
promoting lysis and death
Bactericidal drugs are
A. directly lethal to bacteria at achievable concentrations
B. nonlethal to bacteria at achievable concentrations
C. can slow bacterial growth but do not cause death
D. directly lethal to bacteria if minimum amount is given - ANSWER A.
directly lethal to bacteria at achievable concentrations
Why are narrow spectrum antibiotics preferred over broad-spectrum antibiotics?
A. Narrow spectrum antibiotics are more powerful
B. Broad spectrum antibiotics are weaker
C. Narrow spectrum antibiotics cover all gram-negative bacteria
D. broad spectrum antibiotics do the most to facilitate emergence of resistance -
ANSWER D. Broad spectrum antibiotics do the most to facilitate
emergence of resistance
,How does bacterial resistance develop with penicillins? (Check all that apply) A.
Bacteria cross the protective barrier of penicillins
B. Production of penicillin binding proteins that have low affinity for penicillin C.
inability of penicillins to reach their target
D. production of penicillin binding proteins that have high affinity for penicillin -
ANSWER B. Production of penicillin binding proteins that have low
affinity for penicillin
C. inability of penicillins to reach their target
What are the different types of drug-induced liver injury? - ANSWER -
Direct
-Idiosyncratic
-Indirect
Direct (drug induced liver injury) - ANSWER -caused by medications
that are intrinsically toxic to the liver -occurs rapidly (within days of exposure)
-is predictable and dose-dependent
Idiosyncratic (drug induced liver injury) - ANSWER rare and caused by
meds with little to no intrinsic liver toxicity, as a metabolic or immune reaction not
dose dependent
Indirect (drug induced liver injury) - ANSWER -caused by an indirect
action of the medication on the liver --usually delayed months after exposure
-NOT dose related
-partially predictable
, Which patients are at risk for drug-induced liver injury? - ANSWER
Host factors (sex, pregnancy, obesity, underlying liver disease) Environmental
factor (smoking, alcohol intake, infection)
Drug-related factors (dose, medication lipophilicity, drug interactions)
Which medications are more commonly associated with liver injury? -
ANSWER Antibiotics (amoxicillin/clavulanate, isoniazid)
Antiseizure medications (pheytoin, carbamazepine)
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (diclofenac)
Immune Modulators (interferons, anti-tumor necrosis fx meds)
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ipilimumab, pembrolizumab)
Miscellaneous medications (methotrexate, acetaminophen)
Which supplements are associated with liver injury? - ANSWER Black
cohosh
Ephedra
Garcinia
Green tea extract
Kava
Turmeric
What are signs/symptoms of drug-induced liver injury? - ANSWER -
Drug induced injury can be asymptomatic
-rapid and significant elevations of liver enzymes (ALT, AST)
-Coagulopathy, elevated levels of ammonia coma
-Hepatocellular injury (low-grade fever, malaise, fatigue, abd pain, N/V)
-Cholestatic injury itching and jaundice
How should suspected drug induced liver injury be evaluated? - ANSWER
Thorough history of meds, illicit drugs, and supplement exposure
Trend liver enzyme values with medication changes
2026): Advanced Pathophysiology | Questions
and Verified Answers | 100% Correct | Grade
A - Wilkes
How do penicillins and cephalosporins work?
A. by inhibition of protein synthesis
B. By inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis
C. by weakening the cell wall and promoting lysis and death
D. By increasing permeability of cell membranes, increasing leakage of
intracellular materials - ANSWER C. By weakening the cell wall and
promoting lysis and death
Bactericidal drugs are
A. directly lethal to bacteria at achievable concentrations
B. nonlethal to bacteria at achievable concentrations
C. can slow bacterial growth but do not cause death
D. directly lethal to bacteria if minimum amount is given - ANSWER A.
directly lethal to bacteria at achievable concentrations
Why are narrow spectrum antibiotics preferred over broad-spectrum antibiotics?
A. Narrow spectrum antibiotics are more powerful
B. Broad spectrum antibiotics are weaker
C. Narrow spectrum antibiotics cover all gram-negative bacteria
D. broad spectrum antibiotics do the most to facilitate emergence of resistance -
ANSWER D. Broad spectrum antibiotics do the most to facilitate
emergence of resistance
,How does bacterial resistance develop with penicillins? (Check all that apply) A.
Bacteria cross the protective barrier of penicillins
B. Production of penicillin binding proteins that have low affinity for penicillin C.
inability of penicillins to reach their target
D. production of penicillin binding proteins that have high affinity for penicillin -
ANSWER B. Production of penicillin binding proteins that have low
affinity for penicillin
C. inability of penicillins to reach their target
What are the different types of drug-induced liver injury? - ANSWER -
Direct
-Idiosyncratic
-Indirect
Direct (drug induced liver injury) - ANSWER -caused by medications
that are intrinsically toxic to the liver -occurs rapidly (within days of exposure)
-is predictable and dose-dependent
Idiosyncratic (drug induced liver injury) - ANSWER rare and caused by
meds with little to no intrinsic liver toxicity, as a metabolic or immune reaction not
dose dependent
Indirect (drug induced liver injury) - ANSWER -caused by an indirect
action of the medication on the liver --usually delayed months after exposure
-NOT dose related
-partially predictable
, Which patients are at risk for drug-induced liver injury? - ANSWER
Host factors (sex, pregnancy, obesity, underlying liver disease) Environmental
factor (smoking, alcohol intake, infection)
Drug-related factors (dose, medication lipophilicity, drug interactions)
Which medications are more commonly associated with liver injury? -
ANSWER Antibiotics (amoxicillin/clavulanate, isoniazid)
Antiseizure medications (pheytoin, carbamazepine)
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (diclofenac)
Immune Modulators (interferons, anti-tumor necrosis fx meds)
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ipilimumab, pembrolizumab)
Miscellaneous medications (methotrexate, acetaminophen)
Which supplements are associated with liver injury? - ANSWER Black
cohosh
Ephedra
Garcinia
Green tea extract
Kava
Turmeric
What are signs/symptoms of drug-induced liver injury? - ANSWER -
Drug induced injury can be asymptomatic
-rapid and significant elevations of liver enzymes (ALT, AST)
-Coagulopathy, elevated levels of ammonia coma
-Hepatocellular injury (low-grade fever, malaise, fatigue, abd pain, N/V)
-Cholestatic injury itching and jaundice
How should suspected drug induced liver injury be evaluated? - ANSWER
Thorough history of meds, illicit drugs, and supplement exposure
Trend liver enzyme values with medication changes
