NSG 533 Exam Questions and Verified
Answers 100% Correct Top Rated A+
2025
define hyperplasia in cell adaptation - ANSWER an increase in the number of cells
in an organ or tissue that is capable of mitotic division
aging is thought to be the result of: - ANSWER 1. faulty DNA repair mechanisms
2. reduced antioxidants
define intracellular fluid - ANSWER all the fluid within the cells (2/3 of total body
water)
define extracellular fluid - ANSWER all the fluid outside of the cells (1/3 of total body
water)
what makes up extracellular fluid - ANSWER 1. interstitial fluid (3/4)
2. intravascular fluid (blood plasma) (1/4)
Define interstitial fluid - ANSWER component of extracellular fluid that is the fluid
surrounding the cells and found in the spaces between cells, but not within the blood
vessels
define intravascular fluid - ANSWER component of extracellular fluid that is the fluid
within the blood vessels (aka blood plasma)
define transcellular fluid - ANSWER component of extracellular fluid that is the fluid
contained within epithelial-lined cavities of the body
isotonic alterations - ANSWER aka fluid volume deficit; Total body water change
with proportional electrolyte and water change (most common)
what does isotonic fluid loss cause? - ANSWER dehydration and hypovolemia
s/s isotonic fluid loss - ANSWER - rapid HR
- normal or dec BP
isotonic fluid excess - ANSWER aka hypervolemia; caused by excessive
administration of IV fluids
,define hypovolemic hypernatremia - ANSWER loss of total body water with loss of
total body sodium (but ECF sodium increases)
causes: loop diuretics, hyperglycemia, GI losses
define euvolemic hypernatremia - ANSWER loss of water with normal sodium
concentration (most common)
causes: inadequate water intake, excessive sweating, burns
define hypervolemic hypernatremia - ANSWER increased TBW and a greater
increase in total body sodium (rare)
causes: infusion of hypertonic saline solutions; over-secretion of aldosterone; near
salt-water drowning
s/s isotonic fluid excess - ANSWER - distended neck veins
- elevated BP
- edema
s/s hypernatremia (Na >145 mEq/L) - ANSWER muscle twitching, weakness,
hyperactive reflexes
treatment for hypernatremia - ANSWER - oral fluids or isotonic solutions
- give slowly to prevent cerebral edema
- diuretics to enhance sodium excretion
define hypovolemic hyponatremia - ANSWER loss of total body fluid with a greater
loss of total body sodium
causes: prolonged vomiting/diarrhea, inadequate secretion of aldosterone
define euvolemic hyponatremia - ANSWER loss of sodium without significant loss of
water
causes: SIADH, hypothyroidism
define dilutional hypotonic hyponatremia - ANSWER aka water intoxication
define hypervolemic hyponatremia - ANSWER both TBW and sodium are increased,
but TBW is more
causes: CHF, cirrhosis of liver, nephrotic syndrome
treatment for hyponatremia (Na < 135mEq/L) - ANSWER fluid restriction
causes of hyperkalemia - ANSWER
s/s hyperkalemia (K> 5.0 mEq/L) - ANSWER - bradycardia
- muscle weakness
, - anxiety
- peaked T waves
- oliguria
treatment for hyperkalemia - ANSWER - Kayexalate
- glucose to stimulate insulin secretion (pushes K back to ICF)
- dialysis
causes of hypokalemia - ANSWER mostly GI and renal
- GI (diarrhea/vomiting)
- renal (diuretic use, low plasma Mg, excessive aldosterone secretion)
s/s hypokalemia (K < 3.5mEq/L) - ANSWER - lethargy
- n/v
- Flat T wave
treatment for hypokalemia - ANSWER Potassium replacement 40-80mEq/day if
renal function normal
causes of hypercalcemia - ANSWER CHED
Calcium ingestion, Hyperparathyroid, excess Vitamin D
s/s hypercalcemia (Ca > 10.5mg/dL) - ANSWER - loss of membrane excitability
- lethargy
- depressed T waves
treatment for hypercalcemia - ANSWER - phosphate
- calcitonin
causes of hypocalcemia - ANSWER - inadequate internal absorption
- decreased levels of PTH
- decreased levels of Vitamin D
s/s hypocalcemia (Ca < 9.0mg/dL) - ANSWER Convulsions (Chvostek/Trousseau)
Arrhythmias (long QT)
Tetany
Stridor
treatment for hypocalcemia - ANSWER - 10% calcium gluconate
- decrease phosphate intake
difference between local vs generalized edema - ANSWER local edema is limited to
the site of injury (cerebral, pulmonary and can be life threatening)
generalized edema has a more uniform distribution of fluid in the interstitial spaces
define dependent edema - ANSWER fluid accumulates in gravity-dependent areas
of the body(feet, legs, butt)
Answers 100% Correct Top Rated A+
2025
define hyperplasia in cell adaptation - ANSWER an increase in the number of cells
in an organ or tissue that is capable of mitotic division
aging is thought to be the result of: - ANSWER 1. faulty DNA repair mechanisms
2. reduced antioxidants
define intracellular fluid - ANSWER all the fluid within the cells (2/3 of total body
water)
define extracellular fluid - ANSWER all the fluid outside of the cells (1/3 of total body
water)
what makes up extracellular fluid - ANSWER 1. interstitial fluid (3/4)
2. intravascular fluid (blood plasma) (1/4)
Define interstitial fluid - ANSWER component of extracellular fluid that is the fluid
surrounding the cells and found in the spaces between cells, but not within the blood
vessels
define intravascular fluid - ANSWER component of extracellular fluid that is the fluid
within the blood vessels (aka blood plasma)
define transcellular fluid - ANSWER component of extracellular fluid that is the fluid
contained within epithelial-lined cavities of the body
isotonic alterations - ANSWER aka fluid volume deficit; Total body water change
with proportional electrolyte and water change (most common)
what does isotonic fluid loss cause? - ANSWER dehydration and hypovolemia
s/s isotonic fluid loss - ANSWER - rapid HR
- normal or dec BP
isotonic fluid excess - ANSWER aka hypervolemia; caused by excessive
administration of IV fluids
,define hypovolemic hypernatremia - ANSWER loss of total body water with loss of
total body sodium (but ECF sodium increases)
causes: loop diuretics, hyperglycemia, GI losses
define euvolemic hypernatremia - ANSWER loss of water with normal sodium
concentration (most common)
causes: inadequate water intake, excessive sweating, burns
define hypervolemic hypernatremia - ANSWER increased TBW and a greater
increase in total body sodium (rare)
causes: infusion of hypertonic saline solutions; over-secretion of aldosterone; near
salt-water drowning
s/s isotonic fluid excess - ANSWER - distended neck veins
- elevated BP
- edema
s/s hypernatremia (Na >145 mEq/L) - ANSWER muscle twitching, weakness,
hyperactive reflexes
treatment for hypernatremia - ANSWER - oral fluids or isotonic solutions
- give slowly to prevent cerebral edema
- diuretics to enhance sodium excretion
define hypovolemic hyponatremia - ANSWER loss of total body fluid with a greater
loss of total body sodium
causes: prolonged vomiting/diarrhea, inadequate secretion of aldosterone
define euvolemic hyponatremia - ANSWER loss of sodium without significant loss of
water
causes: SIADH, hypothyroidism
define dilutional hypotonic hyponatremia - ANSWER aka water intoxication
define hypervolemic hyponatremia - ANSWER both TBW and sodium are increased,
but TBW is more
causes: CHF, cirrhosis of liver, nephrotic syndrome
treatment for hyponatremia (Na < 135mEq/L) - ANSWER fluid restriction
causes of hyperkalemia - ANSWER
s/s hyperkalemia (K> 5.0 mEq/L) - ANSWER - bradycardia
- muscle weakness
, - anxiety
- peaked T waves
- oliguria
treatment for hyperkalemia - ANSWER - Kayexalate
- glucose to stimulate insulin secretion (pushes K back to ICF)
- dialysis
causes of hypokalemia - ANSWER mostly GI and renal
- GI (diarrhea/vomiting)
- renal (diuretic use, low plasma Mg, excessive aldosterone secretion)
s/s hypokalemia (K < 3.5mEq/L) - ANSWER - lethargy
- n/v
- Flat T wave
treatment for hypokalemia - ANSWER Potassium replacement 40-80mEq/day if
renal function normal
causes of hypercalcemia - ANSWER CHED
Calcium ingestion, Hyperparathyroid, excess Vitamin D
s/s hypercalcemia (Ca > 10.5mg/dL) - ANSWER - loss of membrane excitability
- lethargy
- depressed T waves
treatment for hypercalcemia - ANSWER - phosphate
- calcitonin
causes of hypocalcemia - ANSWER - inadequate internal absorption
- decreased levels of PTH
- decreased levels of Vitamin D
s/s hypocalcemia (Ca < 9.0mg/dL) - ANSWER Convulsions (Chvostek/Trousseau)
Arrhythmias (long QT)
Tetany
Stridor
treatment for hypocalcemia - ANSWER - 10% calcium gluconate
- decrease phosphate intake
difference between local vs generalized edema - ANSWER local edema is limited to
the site of injury (cerebral, pulmonary and can be life threatening)
generalized edema has a more uniform distribution of fluid in the interstitial spaces
define dependent edema - ANSWER fluid accumulates in gravity-dependent areas
of the body(feet, legs, butt)
