ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTERS 1-4 STUDY MATERIAL QUESTIONS WITH CERTIFIED SOLUTIONS A VERIFIED A+ PASS

ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTERS 1-4 STUDY MATERIAL QUESTIONS WITH CERTIFIED SOLUTIONS A VERIFIED A+ PASS “An individual has a 9-to-5 job. However, this person seldom gets up early enough to be at work on time and expresses great distress over this behavior. This individual's behavior would be considered abnormal because it is: - CORRECT ANSWER dysfunctional" "Which aspect of the definition of abnormality includes the inability to care for oneself and work productively? - CORRECT ANSWER dysfunction" "A person who is suicidal and can see no reason for living BEST fits which definition of abnormality? - CORRECT ANSWER danger" "The group of participants that is NOT exposed to the independent variable under investigation (in an experiment) is called the: - CORRECT ANSWER control group" "The paradigm or model adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior would have been: - CORRECT ANSWER cognitive" "The model of abnormality that cites physical processes as being the key to behavior is the: - CORRECT ANSWER biological model" "The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the: - CORRECT ANSWER psychodynamic model" "The model of abnormality that focuses on learning is the: - CORRECT ANSWER behavioral model" "Dr. Romero is using a number of tests and techniques in an attempt to identify the factors that are influencing her client's functioning. Dr. Romero is engaging in a process more formally defined as - CORRECT ANSWER assessment" "Which of the following IQ scores indicates average intelligence? - CORRECT ANSWER 100" "Which of the following clinical scales of the MMPI-2 is designed to measure antisocial tendencies and moral attitudes? - CORRECT ANSWER psychopathic deviate" "The extent to which an individual ascribes to stereotypic sex-role behaviors and attitudes is measured by which scale of the MMPI-2? - CORRECT ANSWER masculinity-femininity" "Samantha has persistent delusions that the CIA is trying to kill her. Based on this information, on which subscale of the MMPI-2 would she be likely to score highly? - CORRECT ANSWER paranoio" "The _____ technique requires the test-taker to comment on what he or she sees when presented with an ambiguous stimulus. - CORRECT ANSWER projective" "Which of the following is the most famous projective technique? - CORRECT ANSWER Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)" "Which projective test consists of stimuli that are a series of black-and-white ink drawings and photographs portraying people in a variety of ambiguous contexts? - CORRECT ANSWER Thematic Apperception Test" "Pablo's therapist is telling him to look at black-and-white drawings that portray people in a variety of ambiguous situations. Pablo's task is to tell a story about what is happening in each scene, focusing on such details as what the characters in the picture are thinking and feeling. Pablo's therapist is administering the - CORRECT ANSWER TAT" "A person taking the TAT is asked to - CORRECT ANSWER tells a story about the scene shown on the card" "Which of the following is a measure of changes in the electrical activity of the brain? - CORRECT ANSWER electroencephalogram (EEG)" "A panel of psychologists and psychiatrists evaluates the test results and clinical interviews of a client in a sanity hearing. They all arrive at the same diagnosis. The panel has high: - CORRECT ANSWER interrater reliability" "Using projective tests for personality assessment is designed to: - CORRECT ANSWER learn about unconscious conflicts in the client" "The assumption behind the use of projective tests as assessment tools is that: - CORRECT ANSWER the response come from the clients unconscious" "Which test is NOT a projective test? - CORRECT ANSWER Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory" "A patient looks at a series of black-and-white pictures, making up a dramatic story about each. The patient is taking: - CORRECT ANSWER the Thematic Apperception Test" "Which test is a personality inventory? - CORRECT ANSWER MMPI-2" "In prehistoric times, skulls of the living had holes cut out of them, a process called _____, apparently in an effort to release the evil spirits from the person's head. - CORRECT ANSWER trephining" "Who among the following developed psychoanalysis in the early 1900s? - CORRECT ANSWER Sigmund Freud" "The _____ theory sought explanations of abnormal behavior in the unconscious psychological processes. - CORRECT ANSWER psychoanalytic" "Dr. Andrew's system of practice for treating individuals with abnormalities relies heavily on the concepts of the unconscious mind, dream analysis, and inhibited sexual impulses. Dr. Andrew is most likely to be a proponent of the _____ theory. - CORRECT ANSWER psychoanalytic" "In the _____, scientists experimenting with pharmacological treatments invented medications that for the first time in history could successfully control the symptoms of psychological disorders. - CORRECT ANSWER 1950s" "Which of the following is the essence of the scientific method in the understanding and treatment of abnormal behavior? - CORRECT ANSWER objectivity" "An experimenter gives one group of depressed subjects a certain amount of the medication Prozac and another group of depressed subjects a comparatively higher dose. Then she measures the number of violent or suicidal thoughts members of both groups have. In this situation, the independent variable is - CORRECT ANSWER the measure of medication administered" "When using the experimental design, the variable whose level is adjusted or controlled by the experimenter is known as the _____ variable. - CORRECT ANSWER independent" "A dependent variable is best defined as - CORRECT ANSWER the variable whose value is the outcome of the experimenter's manipulation of the independent variable" "Which of the following is true of the placebo condition? - CORRECT ANSWER If the study is evaluating effectiveness of medication, the placebo has inert ingredients" "Michelle, who is recovering from schizophrenia, is being released from the psychiatric hospital because her symptoms are under control. Michelle's living skills, however, are still inadequate since she has been institutionalized for quite some time. What will her therapist most likely suggest? - CORRECT ANSWER placement in a halfway house" "James is a person with schizophrenia who has delusions that the CIA is after him. He has been brought to a psychologist by the police after being arrested for assaulting an elderly woman whom he claimed was trying to kill him. Assuming that testing reveals that he truly is psychotic, where will the psychologist recommend that he be sent? - CORRECT ANSWER psychiatric hospital" "The _____ of a test indicates the consistency of the scores it produces. - CORRECT ANSWER reliability (reliability = consistency)" "Which of the following terms refers to how well a test measures what it is designed to measure? - CORRECT ANSWER validity (test measures what it is supposed to measure)" "A series of questions that clinicians administer in a face-to-face interaction with the client that enables the clinicians to make observations of their clients is known as - CORRECT ANSWER a clinical interview" "Which of the following IQ scores indicates average intelligence? - CORRECT ANSWER 100" "Which of the following makes it possible to determine whether or not a person is lying on the MMPI-2? - CORRECT ANSWER the reliability scales" "Which of the following clinical scales of the MMPI-2 is designed to measure antisocial tendencies and moral attitudes? - CORRECT ANSWER psychopathic deviate" "The id's primal instincts for pleasure are referred to as the - CORRECT ANSWER libido" "Which of the following is the center of conscious awareness in the personality that gives the individual the cognitive powers of judgment, memory, perception, and decision making? - CORRECT ANSWER ego" "According to Freud, the ego is mainly governed by the _____ principle. - CORRECT ANSWER reality" "Which of the following is true of the ego? - CORRECT ANSWER it uses rationality to achieve its goals" "Which of the following is the personality's seat of morality? - CORRECT ANSWER superego" "Which of the following personality structures described by Freud includes the conscience? - CORRECT ANSWER superego" "What is the primary function of the superego? - CORRECT ANSWER It exerts a controlling function over the ego in its pursuit of the desires of the id." "In the context of Freud's theory, protective efforts that keep unacceptable thoughts, instincts, and feelings out of conscious awareness and thus serve to defend the ego against anxiety are referred to as - CORRECT ANSWER defense mechanisms" "Which of the following is an example of repression? - CORRECT ANSWER forgetting the name of someone you dislike" "Which of the following methods is most helpful for revealing cause-and- effect relationships between variables? - CORRECT ANSWER An experiment" "Dr. Martin wants to know if a relationship exists between depression and self-esteem. What would be the best research method to help answer this question? - CORRECT ANSWER A correlational study" "What set of criteria are necessary to define a behavior as abnormal? - CORRECT ANSWER Subjective distress, psychological impairment, culturally inappropriate" "In epidemiological research, which of the following are necessary for effective research methods? - CORRECT ANSWER Random sampling" "All of the following are concerns of the naming fallacy EXCEPT which of the following? - CORRECT ANSWER Generalizations" "A criterion for defining abnormal behavior that refers to distressing internal emotions and experiences which cannot be observed by others is known as _____. - CORRECT ANSWER subjective distress" "What does cultural relativity propose? - CORRECT ANSWER A behavior that is considered abnormal in one cultural context might be appropriate in a different cultural context." "Kerry's set of psychological symptoms is a unique example of abnormal behavior. Her psychiatrist has spent many years studying Kerry's symptoms and the changes in her symptoms during the course of treatment. What would this study of Kerry's behavior be considered? - CORRECT ANSWER A case study" "If John's psychiatrist and psychotherapist disagree on John's mental disorder diagnosis, what is not being met? - CORRECT ANSWER Diagnostic reliability" "All of the following are characteristics of psychologically healthy persons EXCEPT which of the following? - CORRECT ANSWER They do not experience unpleasant emotions such as grief, anger, or fear." "Is it possible to determine a causal relationship between two variables with correlational research? - CORRECT ANSWER No, there is always the possibility that a third variable is the cause of the relationship." "What is a research design in which an individual's behavior is systematically studied under a variety of experimental conditions? - CORRECT ANSWER A single-subject experimental study" "Which of the following statements BEST describes the idea of abnormality as a continuum? - CORRECT ANSWER The line separating normal from abnormal behavior is difficult to establish." "A specific behavior is not determined to be culturally inappropriate by itself. What is an important criterion needed to determine if a behavior is culturally inappropriate? - CORRECT ANSWER The environment where the behavior happens" "What information does a scatterplot display? - CORRECT ANSWER The relationship between two sets of data" "If we are confident a measure has validity, we are saying _____. - CORRECT ANSWER it is measuring the behavior it is supposed to be measuring" "_____ was used to treat general paresis by infecting the patient with the disease to cause a high temperature. - CORRECT ANSWER Malaria fever therapy" "The ability of patients with hysteria to hypnotize themselves is also known as _____. - CORRECT ANSWER autosuggestion" "When a behavior is followed by a satisfying consequence, it is more likely to be repeated; when followed by a punishing consequence, it is less likely to be recur. What is this phenomenon called? - CORRECT ANSWER The law of effect" "What is a stimulus that is naturally capable of eliciting the unconditioned response known as? - CORRECT ANSWER Unconditioned stimulus" "_____ is a condition where a hysterical patient does not seem concerned or unhappy, and may even be joyful and relaxed about their condition. - CORRECT ANSWER La belle indifference" "What is a response that occurs naturally to an unconditioned stimulus called? - CORRECT ANSWER Unconditioned response" "The added understanding of the psychological causes of abnormal behavior resulted from what type of experiments? - CORRECT ANSWER Animal studies" "_____ emphasizes how the stimulus that follows a behavior is a factor that influences whether that behavior is more or less likely to occur again. - CORRECT ANSWER Operant conditioning" "Through classical conditioning, Little Albert learned to associate a white rat with fear. Little Albert also then became afraid of a rabbit, a dog, and a furry mask. In this example, Little Albert's conditioned fear showed _____ to similar objects. - CORRECT ANSWER generalization" "Who is the person credited with the philosophical belief of the separation of the mind and the body? - CORRECT ANSWER Rene Descartes" "A campaign against the inhumane treatment conditions in U.S. asylums was started by which of the following individuals? - CORRECT ANSWER Dorothy Dix" "The perspective that ideas, emotional conflicts, and upsetting experiences can cause abnormal behavior is part of the _____ view. - CORRECT ANSWER psychological" "_____ developed an influential classification system for abnormal behavior based on patterns of symptoms. - CORRECT ANSWER Emil Kraepelin" "What is the organic view based on? - CORRECT ANSWER The belief that mental disorders have their origin in biological functioning" "What is the cause of general paresis? - CORRECT ANSWER Syphilis" "Benjamin Rush believed in all EXCEPT which of the following viewpoints? - CORRECT ANSWER Cognitive" "Kraepelin's two major categories of symptoms accounted for about what amount of patients' disorders in mental hospitals? - CORRECT ANSWER Two thirds" "Antonio Moniz was rewarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for developing the frontal lobotomy to treat depression and violent, dangerous patients. The frontal lobotomy is a type of _____. - CORRECT ANSWER psychosurgery" "According to Freud, if an individual bites their nails, sucks and chews on objects, and ingests a lot of liquids, what may they be experiencing? - CORRECT ANSWER Fixation" "Some classical conditioning techniques are designed to increase rather than decrease an unpleasant arousal that a stimulus can produce. What is this technique called? - CORRECT ANSWER Covert sensitization" "According to Freud's depth hypothesis, what is the largest part of the mind? - CORRECT ANSWER The unconscious" "_____ involves an irrational emotional reaction of a patient to the therapist in which early attitudes toward parents are passed on to the therapist. - CORRECT ANSWER Transference" "Catlyn's inherited genetic material makes up her genotype, and her observable characteristics make up her _____. - CORRECT ANSWER phenotypes" "According to psychodynamic theory, what type of conflict forms the basis of psychological symptoms? - CORRECT ANSWER Sexual conflict" "If a therapist were using components of several theories, what type of model would they be using? - CORRECT ANSWER Integrated" "Each human body cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, each containing many _____. - CORRECT ANSWER genes" "What would we call the contingent presentation of a pleasant outcome which strengthens later behavior? - CORRECT ANSWER Positive reinforcement" "What do we call an event, usually biological in nature, where humans share similar sensitivities and usually provide reinforcement? - CORRECT ANSWER Primary reinforcers" "If we are studying children who are not being raised by their biological parents, we may be using the _____ study method. - CORRECT ANSWER adoption" "Although _____ was used to treat a variety of disorders in the past, it is now mostly used for treating severe depression, for which it appears to be more effective than placebo or antidepressant medication. - CORRECT ANSWER electroconvulsive therapy" "The catecholamine hypothesis of depression proposed that mood disorders resulted from _____ amount of norepinephrine in the brain. - CORRECT ANSWER a depleted" "The _____ strives for perfection, criticizes, and imposes limitations on the individual. - CORRECT ANSWER superego" "Because its metabolism is blocked, phenylalanine builds up in the brain and prevents normal brain development and causes _____. - CORRECT ANSWER phenylketonuria" "Taking a mindfulness approach to notice intrusive thoughts and upsetting emotions could be part of which therapeutic technique? - CORRECT ANSWER Acceptance and commitment therapy" "Reinforcers that are established by their association with other reinforcers are referred to as which of the following? - CORRECT ANSWER Conditioned reinforcers" "What is the level of selection that refers to behaviors acquired through reinforcement or punishment on a person to person basis? - CORRECT ANSWER Individual selection" "What an organism learns is not just to behave the same way all the time but to behave in ways based on certain circumstances. What concept is this demonstrating? - CORRECT ANSWER Discriminative stimulus" "Both natural selection and operant conditioning conclude that behaviors that are reinforced will recur more often in the future and are based on their "survival" value. This comparison describes what concept regarding learning? - CORRECT ANSWER Selection by consequences" ""Well-established treatments" are known to be _____ in addressing symptoms of mental disorders, which gives confidence in their usefulness. - CORRECT ANSWER effective" "What can we use to symbolize the three levels and structures of the mind? - CORRECT ANSWER The iceberg metaphor" "Which therapeutic approach has been combined with behavioral therapy because of the relationship between thoughts and behaviors? - CORRECT ANSWER Cognitive" "Stephen experiences a great deal of anger and feels rage at his partner. But instead of taking responsibility for his emotions, he instead faults his partner for being the one that is always being angry and full of rage at him. What defense strategy is Stephen using? - CORRECT ANSWER Projection" "A depressed person whose expresses feelings of hopelessness and helplessness may be reinforced because their friends and family comforting them at these times may be BEST helped by what type of intervention to change how their behavior is bring reinforced? - CORRECT ANSWER Reversal design" "In genetic research, concordance, the degree to which related individuals share a similar trait, can BEST be measured in which type of design? - CORRECT ANSWER The twin study method" "What strategy are we using when we are intentionally forgetting memories associated with unwanted thoughts? - CORRECT ANSWER Repression" "Freud claimed that "Little Hans" had sexual desire for his mother and fear of his father. This demonstrates which principal of the psychodynamic theory? - CORRECT ANSWER The Oedipal conflict" "What can be dominant, usually associated with healthy traits, or recessive, depending on their associated traits? - CORRECT ANSWER Alleles" "Freud believed that all motivation, other than basic drives such as hunger and thirst, arise from the _____. - CORRECT ANSWER libido" "B.F. Skinner, a leader in behaviorism, created a "Skinner box," which was a controlled laboratory environment in which he was able to demonstrate the relationship between behavior and its consequences. What principle did he prove? - CORRECT ANSWER Operant conditioning" "Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers believed that people are basically motivated toward self-fulfillment and constructive personal growth. This would be a premise in which theoretical perspective? - CORRECT ANSWER Humanistic" "Twins resulting from the simultaneous fertilization of two separate ova are called_____. - CORRECT ANSWER dizygotic twins" "Different types of consequences decrease the behaviors that produce them. What can we refer to these consequences as? - CORRECT ANSWER Punishers" "Danny has a fear of dogs that is causing him much stress because he would like to be able to go to the park with his friends and walk to school by himself. He is seeing a behavioral therapist, who teaches him muscle relaxation and slowly exposes Danny to pictures of dogs, then just watching dogs from afar, and then finally, touching and walking a dog. What technique is this therapist using? - CORRECT ANSWER Systematic desensitization" "Within the last few decades, the population of patients treated inside of mental institutions dropped by two thirds because of the use of _____ to treat the symptoms of psychological disorders. - CORRECT ANSWER psychotropic drugs" "Each human somatic cell contains 23 pairs of _____? - CORRECT ANSWER chromosomes" "Nerve impulses are collected from other _____ and passed along as a moving electrical charge. - CORRECT ANSWER neurons" "In what theory would the therapist-patient relationship be seen as a representation of what is pathological in the patient's life and, therefore, needs changing? - CORRECT ANSWER Object-relations theory" "According to psychoanalytic theory, acceptable urges, impulses, and conflict all represent what type of process? - CORRECT ANSWER Unconscious motivation" "The Freudian theory of the mind that accounts for more abstract and complex thoughts and behaviors includes which primary components? - CORRECT ANSWER Id, ego, and superego" "If a patient of a psychodynamic oriented therapist is expressing themselves without restriction rather than purposely organizing their thoughts, what would they be doing? - CORRECT ANSWER Free associating" "A mother is teaching her child how to cross the street. She shows her how to stop at the edge of the sidewalk and look both ways two times before crossing. What method is the mom using to teach her child this safety behavior? - CORRECT ANSWER Modeling" "While some neo-Freudians and other psychodynamic therapists still follow many of the principles of psychoanalytic theory, what is the one area where there is the MOST disagreement? - CORRECT ANSWER The unproven role that sexual conflict has in causes of all abnormal functioning" "Neurons do not interact with each other directly, but they meet at the _____ and release neurotransmitters from one neuron to other neurons. - CORRECT ANSWER synapse" "Which assessment has index scores that are normalized with a mean score of 100 and standard deviation of 15? - CORRECT ANSWER Intelligence test" "The _____ system for abnormal behavior was based in large part on another system in the area of physical disease. - CORRECT ANSWER classification" "Although there was much discussion regarding changes to one of the following revisions, no edits were made. To which one of the following did that happen? - CORRECT ANSWER Personality disorders were aligned with the five-factor model." "What technique produces much clearer structural imagery than a CT scan, although one drawback is that the technique requires patients to remain motionless in a small, confined area for long periods of time? - CORRECT ANSWER Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)" "Which new classification system's main criticism was that the model was strongly influenced by Freud and Meyer? - CORRECT ANSWER Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" "What is the name of the test that records electrical activity in the brain in terms of brain frequencies? - CORRECT ANSWER Electroencephalogram" "Which of the following is not a concern of the interview process? - CORRECT ANSWER Cultural factors do not affect the interview process since the clinician would not have bias or misinterpret the information collected." "What type of diagnostic tool involves an interaction between the client and the clinician, who usually formulates an initial diagnostic impression, supplemented by information from the patient's medical and social history? - CORRECT ANSWER The interview" "Alcohol use disorder and schizophrenia both received a .40 and .46 kappa reliability score respectively and a ____DSM-5 interpretation of reliability. - CORRECT ANSWER Good" "All the pseudopatients in Rosenhan's (1973) study were admitted to the hospitals and in all but one case were given the diagnosis of schizophrenia. What did this study highlight? - CORRECT ANSWER The "sane" could not be differentiated from the "insane" under the current diagnostic model." "Although projective testing once was the most common form of psychological assessment, it is now utilized less often than other personality tests. This is the case for all EXCEPT which of the following reasons? - CORRECT ANSWER Categorization" "The American Psychiatric Association appointed a task force to work on the new DSM-5 and the final version was approved and released in which of the following years? - CORRECT ANSWER 2013" "Why is using "boxes" to diagnose mental disorders limiting? - CORRECT ANSWER Mental disorders exist not as distinct entities but rather along a continuum or dimension of symptoms and functioning." "On what axis did earlier editions of the DSM represent clinical disorders and/or other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention? - CORRECT ANSWER Axis I" "On the multi-axial system of the DSM, disturbed behavior patterns were considered to be _____ in nature. - CORRECT ANSWER categorical" "A rapid advancing technology is providing vast improvement in our abilities to observe the structures of the living brain with taking X-rays of "slices" of the brain. What is this technology known as? - CORRECT ANSWER Computerized axial tomography (CAT)" "A group of symptoms that consistently occur together or a condition characterized by a set of associated symptoms is known as a_____? - CORRECT ANSWER syndrome" "What kind of testing has become an important component of psychological evaluations for dementia and other neurodegenerative conditions and amnesic syndromes? - CORRECT ANSWER Neuropsychological testing" "What do you call consistency and agreement between clinicians in use of a diagnostic label? - CORRECT ANSWER Diagnostic reliability" "Cynthia is taking an intelligence test to better understand if she has an intellectual disability and to measure her level of intellectual ability. What type of test is Cynthia MOST likely taking? - CORRECT ANSWER Psychological test" "The Rorschach Test, a set of cards depicting inkblots, is used to access unconscious processes. The Rorschach is what type of psychological test? - CORRECT ANSWER Projective test" "Standard interviews lead the diagnostician to ask specific questions tied to DSM categorization. What is this style of interviewing called? - CORRECT ANSWER Structured interview" "While the new edition of the DSM-5 was being developed by the American Psychiatric Association, they made sure to account for the concerns with the previous edition. Which of these examples was NOT one of their concerns? - CORRECT ANSWER The diagnostic terms were adjusted to be more consistent with the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems." "___is an imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to detect changes in blood flow, producing a measure of brain activity. - CORRECT ANSWER Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)" "According to the DSM-IV, what Axis represents general medical conditions that are potentially relevant to Axes I and II listings? - CORRECT ANSWER Axis III" "In the evaluator process, a highly standardized assessment of over 500 questions that provide a possibility of behavioral and diagnostic hypotheses is what type of assessment? - CORRECT ANSWER Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)" "According to the DSM-5, if a patient received a rating of mild or higher on a dimensional assessment that measured the extent of their condition, what level of assessment would they then need to take? - CORRECT ANSWER Level 2 assessment" "If you were answering questions from several categories with a "Yes," "No," or "Cannot Say" about your physical health, religious attitudes, moods, and beliefs, what type of inventory are you MOST likely taking? - CORRECT ANSWER Personality inventory" "Two clinicians agree that a person suffers from schizophrenia. Yet, the person's delusions are actually the result of a manic episode. In this case, the two clinicians would not have _____. - CORRECT ANSWER diagnostic validity" "The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) that assesses the severity of a specific range of depressive symptoms, such as sadness and hopelessness, is referred to as what type of assessment? - CORRECT ANSWER Self-report" "All of the conditions below are listed for further study in the DSM-5 EXCEPT which of the following? - CORRECT ANSWER Internet media disorder" "Two clinicians diagnose their client with bipolar disorder, but when they find out more information about the client's history, they realize the symptoms are caused by substance use. This demonstrates that their original diagnosis was not _____. - CORRECT ANSWER valid" "Andrew suffers from chronic pain from a sports injury, which has developed into a substance abuse disorder. As a result, he was fired from his job and his marriage is suffering. In terms of the axial coding of the previous DSM-IV-TR system, Andrew's chronic pain would be listed on which axis? - CORRECT ANSWER Axis III" "Jennifer is noticing that her therapist is observing her appearance and speech while asking her to repeat certain statements. What method is being used to assess Jennifer's level of functioning? - CORRECT ANSWER Mental status examination" "If we are able to conclude something about what to expect in terms of outcome or course of the disorder, we could say the diagnosis has _____. - CORRECT ANSWER predictive validity" "Because the clinical interview cannot adequately answer all diagnostic questions, the clinician may choose to obtain additional information _____ in order to gather information about the client's level of attention, concentration, and their use of gestures. - CORRECT ANSWER by observation of the client" "The process that is focused on the stimuli that preceded the response rather than the stimuli that followed the response is known as _____. - CORRECT ANSWER classical conditioning" "_____is when a learned response reappears after being exposed infrequently to the stimulus again. - CORRECT ANSWER Spontaneous recovery" "Which of the following is an originally neutral stimulus that becomes capable of eliciting a conditioned response after repeated pairings with an unconditioned response? - CORRECT ANSWER Conditioned stimulus" "Patients with hysteria could experience all EXCEPT which of the following symptoms? - CORRECT ANSWER Atrophy" "The _______ is the total set of inherited characteristics determined by a person's genetic makeup. - CORRECT ANSWER genotype" "Since they share the same genetic information, _____ are always of the same sex. - CORRECT ANSWER monozygotic twins" "If we viewed psychology purely objectively as an experimental branch of natural science that can produce and apply consistent and measurable results, what approach would we MOST likely be using? - CORRECT ANSWER Behaviorism" "According to the psychoanalytical theory of personality development, the individual progresses through which of the following biological stages of development? - CORRECT ANSWER Stages of psychosexual development" "The sexual conflict that is fueled by fantasy, castration anxiety, and penis envy is characteristic of which type of conflict? - CORRECT ANSWER Oedipal conflict" "What can we learn by utilizing family pedigree studies to collect information about family members who have mental disorders? - CORRECT ANSWER Heredity influences" "Every time after Desmond takes his dog out for a walk, he rewards his pet with a treat for good behavior. In this example, what does Desmond giving the treat to his dog represent? - CORRECT ANSWER Reinforcement" "What are Freudian strategies that prevent unwanted feelings and unacceptable impulses from coming into one's awareness? - CORRECT ANSWER Defense mechanisms" "What do we call the contingent removal of an undesirable stimulus which strengthens future behavior? - CORRECT ANSWER Negative reinforcement" "A famous research study involving "Little Albert" was designed to demonstrate which main principle of the learning process? - CORRECT ANSWER Conditioning" "What theory claims that there are three levels of consciousness? - CORRECT ANSWER Psychodynamic theory" "What would successful treatment MOST likely have accomplished if following psychodynamic theory? - CORRECT ANSWER Unconscious thoughts, unacceptable emotions, and conflicts would be brought to the consciousness and insight would be gained." "Every movement we perform, any stimulus we sense, and any emotion we experience, are all BEST represented in which of the following perspectives? - CORRECT ANSWER Biological" "Joann's doctor has ordered her to take a test that involves observation of the uptake and use of glucose that has been radioactively labeled and injected into her. What type of test has her doctor ordered for her? - CORRECT ANSWER Positron emission tomography (PET)" "Which of the following is NOT true about the use of brain imaging for diagnosing specific mental disorders in individual patients? - CORRECT ANSWER Brain imaging is considered to be very useful for diagnosing an individual with a disorder or confirming a diagnosis to help understand the relationship between the brain and the behavior." "Despite popular misconceptions, most people with psychological problems are not: - CORRECT ANSWER dangerous" "The use of exorcism in early societies suggests a belief that abnormal behavior was caused by: - CORRECT ANSWER evil spirts" "A person seeking help for a psychological abnormality is made to drink bitter herbal potions and then submit to a beating, in the hope that "evil spirits" will be driven from the person's body. This form of "therapy" is called: - CORRECT ANSWER exorcism" "Acquiring insight about unconscious psychological processes is a feature of: - CORRECT ANSWER psychoanalysis" "A psychologist does a study of an individual involving a history, tests, and interviews of associates. A clear picture is constructed of this individual so her behavior is better understood. This study is a(n): - CORRECT ANSWER case study" "A researcher finds that individuals who report large numbers of "hassles" in their lives usually also report higher levels of stress. Those who report fewer "hassles" generally report lower levels of stress. The correlation between number of "hassles" and stress level is: - CORRECT ANSWER positive" "If stress levels and physical health are negatively correlated, the researcher can conclude that: - CORRECT ANSWER as stree increases, health decreases" "A researcher finds a strong positive correlation between ratings of life stress and symptoms of depression. Therefore, the researcher may be confident that: - CORRECT ANSWER life stress and depression are related" "In a scientific experiment, the variable manipulated or controlled by the experimenter is called the: - CORRECT ANSWER dependent variable" "A psychologist was interested in the effect of hunger on psychological disturbances. The psychologist deprived half of a group of healthy volunteers of food for one day and fed the other half normally, then administered the MMPI-2 to all the participants. What was the independent variable? - CORRECT ANSWER level of food deprivation" "In a study designed to test a new antidepressant, a large number of outpatient psychiatric patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One of the groups was given the drug as a pill. The other group was given identical-looking inert pills. All participants were tested in the morning. The level of depression of each subject was measured by three psychologists independently, using the Beck Depression Inventory. Which was the independent variable in this study? - CORRECT ANSWER the drug" "Students were given a sensation-seeking test and then divided into two groups, depending on their scores. A researcher observed how many times students in each group got out of their seats in 2 hours. The dependent variable is: - CORRECT ANSWER number of times getting out of ones seat" "The model of abnormality that concentrates on thinking is the: - CORRECT ANSWER cognitive model" ""Abnormal behaviors—indeed, all behaviors—are acquired through learning." Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? - CORRECT ANSWER behavioral" "The model of abnormality that focuses on the role of values and choices in behavior is the: - CORRECT ANSWER humanistic existential model" "According to psychoanalysis, which statement is true of psychological conflicts? - CORRECT ANSWER they are tied to experiences early in life" "Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? - CORRECT ANSWER behavioral" "What kind of training do clinical psychologists have? - CORRECT ANSWER PhD or PsyD in clinical psychology" "Medical doctors with advanced training in treating psychological disorders are referred to as - CORRECT ANSWER psychiartrists" "Dr. Reed has a PhD in clinical psychology and was trained in administering psychological tests. Dr. Davis has an MD with advanced training in treating psychological disorders and can prescribe medications. From the given information, we can infer that - CORRECT ANSWER Dr. Reed is a psychologist and Dr. Davis is a psychiatrist." "The publication that contains descriptions of the various psychological disorders is called the - CORRECT ANSWER the base rate" "Ralph has been sad and listless for three years. He cannot sleep and has lost his appetite. Using a diagnostic system, one clinician arrives at a diagnosis of depression. Using the exact same diagnostic system, another clinician arrives at a diagnosis of schizophrenia. What is the problem with this system? - CORRECT ANSWER it lacks reliability" "The purpose of a diagnostic manual is to provide - CORRECT ANSWER a clinician with a statistical model derived from data of different patients." "The DSM-V adheres to the - CORRECT ANSWER medical model" "The first step for a clinician in the diagnostic process involves - CORRECT ANSWER reviewing the DSM criteria for disorders matching the client's symptoms." "Multiple diagnostic conditions that occur simultaneously within the same individual are referred to as - CORRECT ANSWER comorbid disorders" "Martin was recently diagnosed with bipolar disorder. He has also struggled for years with alcoholism, so in addition to his therapy sessions, his therapist recommends that he attend Alcoholics Anonymous meetings. Based on this information, we can say that Martin - CORRECT ANSWER has comorbid psychiatric conditions" "Robert has a serious drinking problem. His therapist feels that the drinking is a result of Robert's constant bouts with depression. Based on this information, what would the principal diagnosis be? - CORRECT ANSWER major depression" "What treatment site is usually recommended by a clinician when clients present a risk of harming themselves or others? - CORRECT ANSWER psychiatric hospital" "Deinstitutionalized clients coming out of the hospital who are not yet ready for independent living often move into - CORRECT ANSWER outpatient clinics" "Michelle, who is recovering from schizophrenia, is being released from the psychiatric hospital because her symptoms are under control. Michelle's living skills, however, are still inadequate since she has been institutionalized for quite some time. What will her therapist most likely suggest? - CORRECT ANSWER placement in a halfway house" "James is a person with schizophrenia who has delusions that the CIA is after him. He has been brought to a psychologist by the police after being arrested for assaulting an elderly woman whom he claimed was trying to kill him. Assuming that testing reveals that he truly is psychotic, where will the psychologist recommend that he be sent? - CORRECT ANSWER a psychiatric hospital" "The test that reports one's results on clinical scales such as "hypochondriasis" (HS) and "Psychopathic deviate" (PD) is the: - CORRECT ANSWER Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory" "Randolph is the kind of person who breaks laws and rules with no feeling of guilt and is emotionally shallow. He would probably score high on the MMPI-2 scale called: - CORRECT ANSWER psychopathic deviate" "A person taking a polygraph test is suspected of lying when measures of physiological variables such as heart rate and perspiration are: - CORRECT ANSWER higher for test than control questions" "A client is hooked up to an apparatus that measures galvanic skin response and blood pressure, after which the client verbally answers a series of questions. This is a(n): - CORRECT ANSWER psychophysiological test" "A person with a mental age of 10 and a chronological age of 8 has an IQ of (F= MA/CA x 100) - CORRECT ANSWER 125" "Calvin works at a paper manufacturing company. The bleaching agents used by the company are toxic in nature and as a result of being exposed to these substances, Calvin has been experiencing intense depressive episodes. From the available information, it would be most accurate to conclude that _____ causes are responsible for Calvin's depression. - CORRECT ANSWER biological" "People with psychological disorders may inherit a predisposition to developing behavioral disturbances. This provides evidence that _____ causes are responsible for many of the prevalent abnormalities. - CORRECT ANSWER biological" "Maria was involved in a serious car accident in which she sustained a head injury. At present, her injury has become worse and as a result, she is behaving in bizarre and highly disturbing ways. Maria's change in behavior is most likely due to a _____ cause. - CORRECT ANSWER biological" "While determining the cause of an abnormal behavior, which of the following can be categorized as a psychological cause? - CORRECT ANSWER disturbances in thoughts and feelings" "The term _____ refers to the various circles of influence on the individual ranging from close friends and family to the institutions and policies of a country or the world as a whole. - CORRECT ANSWER sociocultural" "Martin Salambo was the only African student in his class. All others were white Americans. Martin was always looked down upon by his class mates and he was also bullied by them. This has had a profound impact on Martin's life. At present, he suffers from an inferiority complex because of which he remains depressed most of the time. Martin's condition is most likely to be the result of a _____ cause - CORRECT ANSWER sociocultural" "Social scientists use the term _____ to refer to the interaction in which biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors play a role in the development of an individual's symptoms. - CORRECT ANSWER biopsychosocial" "regard abnormal behavior as the product of possession by evil or demonic spirits? - CORRECT ANSWER spiritual explanations" "primarily regard psychological disorders as the result of causes that we can objectively measure, such as biological alterations, faulty learning processes, or emotional stressors. - CORRECT ANSWER scientific explanations" "Ramona is a member of a tribe residing in the rain forests of South America. She has been exhibiting certain symptoms of psychological disorder like severe depression and memory loss. The tribe's witch doctor pronounced that the spirit of a demon tiger has possessed Ramona and is the main cause of her distress. The approach used by the witch doctor in this instance is an example of the _____ approach. - CORRECT ANSWER spiritual" "Father Moore had conducted a number of exorcisms during his tenure as pastor in a suburban church in New England. The members of his congregation suggest that Father Moore was successful in driving away evil spirits that caused individuals to behave abnormally through the exorcisms, a feat that earned him substantial fame in the locality. This is an example of the _____ approach in addressing abnormality in individuals. - CORRECT ANSWER spiritual" "Gracie, a researcher, is interested in analyzing the relationship between smoking and life span. The results of her correlational study indicate that as the number of cigarettes smoked per day increases, life span decreases. This is an example of the _____ kind of correlation - CORRECT ANSWER negative" "In the context of correlational design, _____ correlations indicate that, as scores on one variable increase, scores on the second variable decrease. - CORRECT ANSWER negative" "In the context of correlational design, _____ correlations indicate that, as scores on one variable increase, scores on the second variable also increase - CORRECT ANSWER positive" "The findings of an experiment conducted by a group of researchers prove that with the increase in the consumption of marijuana, the vulnerability of developing mental disorders increases. This is an example of the _____ kind of correlation. - CORRECT ANSWER positive" "A _____ refers to an intensive study of a single person described in detail. - CORRECT ANSWER case study" "The agreement ratio between people diagnosed as having a disorder and their relatives is defined as the _____ rate. - CORRECT ANSWER concordance" "Which of the following is true with regard to case studies? - CORRECT ANSWER The case study method is ideal for researchers who intend to conduct an intensive investigation of an individual or a small group of individuals." "Which of the following terms reflects the view that the people in treatment collaborate with those who treat them? - CORRECT ANSWER client" "What kind of training do clinical psychologists have? - CORRECT ANSWER PhD or PsyD in clinical psychology" "Medical doctors with advanced training in treating psychological disorders are referred to as - CORRECT ANSWER psychiatrists" "Dr. Reed has a PhD in clinical psychology and was trained in administering psychological tests. Dr. Davis has an MD with advanced training in treating psychological disorders and can prescribe medications. From the given information, we can infer that - CORRECT ANSWER Dr. Reed is a psychologist and Dr. Davis is a psychiatrist" "The publication that contains descriptions of the various psychological disorders is called the - CORRECT ANSWER Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" "The consistency of measurements or diagnoses is referred to as - CORRECT ANSWER reliability" "Ralph has been sad and listless for three years. He cannot sleep and has lost his appetite. Using a diagnostic system, one clinician arrives at a diagnosis of depression. Using the exact same diagnostic system, another clinician arrives at a diagnosis of schizophrenia. What is the problem with this system? - CORRECT ANSWER it lacks reliability" "The purpose of a diagnostic manual is to provide - CORRECT ANSWER consistent diagnoses across people based on the presence or absence of a set of specific symptoms." "The DSM-V adheres to the - CORRECT ANSWER medical model" "The first step for a clinician in the diagnostic process involves - CORRECT ANSWER reviewing the DSM criteria for disorders matching the clients symptoms" "Multiple diagnostic conditions that occur simultaneously within the same individual are referred to as - CORRECT ANSWER comorbid disorders" "Martin was recently diagnosed with bipolar disorder. He has also struggled for years with alcoholism, so in addition to his therapy sessions, his therapist recommends that he attend Alcoholics Anonymous meetings. Based on this information, we can say that Martin - CORRECT ANSWER has comorbid psychiatric conditions" "What treatment site is usually recommended by a clinician when clients present a risk of harming themselves or others? - CORRECT ANSWER psychiatric hospital" "Deinstitutionalized clients coming out of the hospital who are not yet ready for independent living often move into - CORRECT ANSWER halfway houses" "The extent to which an individual ascribes to stereotypic sex-role behaviors and attitudes is measured by which scale of the MMPI-2? - CORRECT ANSWER masculinity-femininity" "Samantha has persistent delusions that the CIA is trying to kill her. Based on this information, on which subscale of the MMPI-2 would she be likely to score highly? - CORRECT ANSWER paranoia" "A person who tends to worry too much and has unreasonable fears would probably score high on which scale of the MMPI-2? - CORRECT ANSWER psychasthenia" "The _____ technique requires the test-taker to comment on what he or she sees when presented with an ambiguous stimulus. - CORRECT ANSWER projective" "Which of the following is the most famous projective technique? - CORRECT ANSWER Rorschach Inkblot Test" "Which projective test consists of stimuli that are a series of black-and-white ink drawings and photographs portraying people in a variety of ambiguous contexts - CORRECT ANSWER Thematic Apperception Test" "Pablo's therapist is telling him to look at black-and-white drawings that portray people in a variety of ambiguous situations. Pablo's task is to tell a story about what is happening in each scene, focusing on such details as what the characters in the picture are thinking and feeling. Pablo's therapist is administering the - CORRECT ANSWER TAT" "Psychologists working within the biological perspective believe that the primary reason behind psychological disorders are - CORRECT ANSWER abnormalities in the functioning of the body" "Which of the following defines neurotransmitters? - CORRECT ANSWER They are chemical messengers that travel across the synapse, allowing neurons to communicate with their neighbors" "Neurotransmitters are released from neurons into the - CORRECT ANSWER synaptic cleft" "Which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to Parkinson's disease? - CORRECT ANSWER dopamine" "Which of the following models proposed that people are born with a genetic predisposition that places them at risk of developing a psychological disorder if exposed to certain extremely taxing life experiences? - CORRECT ANSWER diathesis-stress model" "Psychotherapeutic medications are treatments that are intended to reduce the symptoms of an individual suffering from psychological disorders by - CORRECT ANSWER altering the levels of the neurotransmitters responsible for the disorder." "Linda is suffering from severe obsessive-compulsive disorder. In the course of the treatment, her neurosurgeon implants a microelectrode, powered by an implanted battery that delivers a constant low electrical stimulation to the cortex area of her brain. Which of the following processes has Linda's neurosurgeon used? - CORRECT ANSWER deep brain stimulation" "A form of psychiatric neurosurgery in which permanently implanted electrodes trigger responses in specific brain circuits, as needed is referred to as - CORRECT ANSWER neuromodulation" "andy suffers from Alzheimer's disease. Her treatment includes the application of electrical shock to the head for the purpose of inducing therapeutically beneficial seizures. Which of the following treatments is Sandy being given? - CORRECT ANSWER electroconculsive therapy" "The application of electrical shock to the head to induce therapeutically effective seizures is called - CORRECT ANSWER electroconvulsive therapy" "Dr. Richard treats his patients suffering from psychological disorders by probing into their dreams and looking for possible unconscious determinants of their abnormal behavior. Identify the theoretical orientation behind the process employed by Dr. Richard. - CORRECT ANSWER psychodynamic" "Which of the following is one of the three personality structures described by Freud? - CORRECT ANSWER superego" "As stated by Freud, which of the personality structures hidden in the unconscious contains sexual and aggressive instincts? - CORRECT ANSWER id" "Ronald is bullied at school but he does not retaliate. However he goes home and aggressively hits his punching bag. Which of the following defense mechanisms is Ronald using? - CORRECT ANSWER displacement" "Karen is in her late teens. Her parents are going through a rough phase in their marriage and are contemplating divorce. Karen is emotionally disturbed and is confused as to how to react to the situation. Of late Karen has begun to wet her bed. Identify the defense mechanism that Karen is using? - CORRECT ANSWER regression" "The main goal of traditional psychoanalytic treatment was to - CORRECT ANSWER bring repressed unconscious material into conscious awareness." "Current psychodynamic treatment is focused on helping clients to - CORRECT ANSWER explore aspects of the self that are unconscious." "Which of the following is true of the therapeutic method of free association? - CORRECT ANSWER The client is encouraged to say whatever comes to mind." "In the context of the behavioral perspective, which of the following is considered to be the main reason behind most abnormalities? - CORRECT ANSWER faulty learning experiences" "......conditioning refers to the connection between an originally neutral stimulus and a naturally evoking stimulus that produces an automatic reflexive reaction. - CORRECT ANSWER classical" "Which of the following is true of classical conditioning? - CORRECT ANSWER This process involves the learning of a connection between an originally neutral stimulus and a naturally evoking stimulus that produces an automatic reflexive reaction." "Renee is scared to stay alone at home, especially at night. She experiences a sense of fear every time she hears a clicking sound and interprets it as the sound made when someone tries to break open a lock. Although her house is in a safe locality and there has never been any instance of burglary, she is still terrified at the thought of someone breaking in. This type of learning is an example of - CORRECT ANSWER classical conditioning" "The difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning is that in the case of - CORRECT ANSWER operant condition, an individual acquires a maladaptive response by learning to pair a behavior with its consequences" "The learning process in which an individual acquires a set of behaviors through reinforcement is known as _____ conditioning. - CORRECT ANSWER operant" "Andrew was a troublesome child and never did his homework. In an effort to encourage Andrew's interest in studies, his mother decided to give him a treat of his favorite chocolate whenever he completed his homework. After a few days, she noticed that Andrew started doing his homework regularly and did not even have to be reminded. This type of learning is an example of - CORRECT ANSWER operant conditioning" "In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following is typically true? - CORRECT ANSWER Both negative and positive reinforcement increase the frequency of the behaviors that precede them." "Which of the following best defines counterconditioning? - CORRECT ANSWER It is the process of replacing an undesired response to a stimulus with an acceptable response." "James associates the darkness with ghosts and aliens and gets scared at night. His therapist helps him to associate the darkness with fairies and pixies in an attempt to break his fear. This method is an example of - CORRECT ANSWER counterconditioning" "The behavioral therapy technique that focuses on replacing an undesired response to a stimulus with an acceptable response is known as - CORRECT ANSWER counterconditioning" "Gina is terrified of public speaking. Her therapist asks her to provide him with a hierarchy of images associated with the fear of public speaking. Starting with the least fearful situation in the hierarchy, the therapist asks Gina to imagine that image and relax at the same time. Gradually in this manner, he makes her face different situations related to public speaking before she actually faces the public. This is an example of - CORRECT ANSWER systematic desensitization" "The two primary components of systematic desensitization are relaxation training and a. repression of the subconscious - CORRECT ANSWER construction of a hierarchy of fears." "Which of the following theories primarily focuses on the way that people's thoughts influence their emotions? - CORRECT ANSWER cognitive perspective" “What information does a scatterplot portray? - CORRECT ANSWER Correlation coefficients that vary from -1.00 to +1.00" "Anxiety disorders have an approximate lifetime prevalence of _____ in the U.S. population. - CORRECT ANSWER 30%" "Marco is said to have a psychological disability and is not able to cope with life's stresses and demands. Would Marco's behavior be considered abnormal? - CORRECT ANSWER No, he would also need to have subjective distress and the behavior would need to be culturally inappropriate for it to be considered abnormal behavior." "Dr. Harrison is interested in measuring his client's depressive symptoms. She has the client take the same depression questionnaire three times in the course of 3 months, and the client scores a 35 each time. What could you say about the results of the questionnaire? - CORRECT ANSWER The results have reliability." "Zane was a participant in a study testing the effectiveness of a new type of therapy to treat anxiety. After 6 weeks of meeting with a therapist, Zane reported a reduction in his symptoms. However, Zane was in the control group and did not receive the experimental therapy. Zane's expectation of improvement in his anxiety is an example of the _____ effect. - CORRECT ANSWER placebo" "Which of the following criteria is NOT included in the definition of a mental disorder as "clinically significant?" - CORRECT ANSWER The individual would have to be required to seek outside help in managing the condition." "If all mental disorders are combined, about _____of Americans experienced a specific disorder in the past 12 months. - CORRECT ANSWER 27%" "A mental disorder is a clinically significant syndrome that reflects a dysfunction involving which of the following? - CORRECT ANSWER Disability in social, occupational, or other important activities." "What do we call behavior that deviates from the cultural context where it occurs, causes internal distress, and an inability to cope with life's demands? - CORRECT ANSWER Abnormal" "What is a research design method in which neither the researchers nor the participants know whether or not participants received the manipulated variable? - CORRECT ANSWER A double-blind study" "Which statement is TRUE regarding random sampling? - CORRECT ANSWER Subjects are selected by chance from some larger population to participate in a study." "Certain observable behaviors are considered suggestive of an underlying and