ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER 1-4 QUESTIONS AND DETAILED ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED CORRECT

ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER 1-4 QUESTIONS AND DETAILED ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED CORRECT “5 criteria for psych disorders - CORRECT ANSWER 1- clinical significance of Impairment 2- Distress/Risk 3- Socially/Culturally Unacceptable Behavior 4- Underlying Disturbance 5- Not social Rebellion or Deviance" "treatment plan - CORRECT ANSWER * outline for how treatment should take place (goals of treatment) -immediate-shortterm-longterm goals" "immediate goals - CORRECT ANSWER ensure symptoms are managed" "short-term goals - CORRECT ANSWER alleviate symptoms by addressing problematic behavior, thinking, or emotions" "long-term goals - CORRECT ANSWER fundamental and deeply rooted alterations of the Cl;s personality and relationships (cope, overcome, develop strategy)" "psychiatric hospitals - CORRECT ANSWER * when CL is: -at risk of harming self/others -incapable of self care" "specialized inpatient treatment centers - CORRECT ANSWER * need intensive supervision, not hospital care ex: rehab" "NEO-PI - CORRECT ANSWER * measures personality along with 5 personality dimensions - (O) Openness to experience - (C) Conscientiousness - (E) Extraversion - (A) Agreeableness - (N) Neuroticism" "PAI - CORRECT ANSWER * "personality assessment inventory" most frequently used (easiest) 11 clinical, 5 treatment, 4 validity, 2 interpersonal scales" "SCL-90-R - CORRECT ANSWER * measures extent to which he/she experiences 90 physical and psychological symptoms" "neuropsychological assessment - CORRECT ANSWER * info about CL's brain functioning" "trail making tests - CORRECT ANSWER evaluates frontal lobe functioning, focuses on attention to visual stimuli, and number sequencing" "Wisconsin Card Sorting Test - CORRECT ANSWER CL match a card to one of a set of cars that share various features" "Boston Naming Test - CORRECT ANSWER (BNT) assess language capacity" "Paced Auditory Serial Test - CORRECT ANSWER (PASAT) assessing CL's auditory info processing speed, flexibility, and calculation ability" "WMS-IV - CORRECT ANSWER tests of working(short-term) and long-term memory for visual and verbal stimuli" "Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery - CORRECT ANSWER (CANTAB) computerized test that consists of 22 subtests and assesses" "neuroimaging - CORRECT ANSWER * picture of the brain's structures or level of activity and is useful for "looking" at the brain" "EEG - CORRECT ANSWER measures electrical activity in the brain" "CAT Scan - CORRECT ANSWER uses x-rays" "MRI - CORRECT ANSWER uses radiowaves to form picture of the living brain based on water content" "fMRI - CORRECT ANSWER picture of the activity in the brain" "PET Scan - CORRECT ANSWER radioactive glucose injection yields multicolored image" "SPECT - CORRECT ANSWER variant of PET scan with more detail" "biological perspective - CORRECT ANSWER assumes disturbances are caused by abnormalities in the body" "genotype - CORRECT ANSWER genetic makeup" "allele - CORRECT ANSWER * one of the two variations of a gene" "psychodynamic perspective - CORRECT ANSWER emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior (Sigmund Freud)" "id - CORRECT ANSWER * structure of personality that contains the sexual and aggressive instincts" "pleasure principle - CORRECT ANSWER * id - motivating force oriented toward immediate and total gratification of sensual needs and desires" "libido - CORRECT ANSWER * id - instinctual pressure for gratification of sexual and aggressive desires (id's primal instincts)" "ego - CORRECT ANSWER * center of conscious awareness gives individual mental powers of judgment, memory, perception, and decision making, enabling individual to adapt to realities of the world" "reality principal - CORRECT ANSWER * ego motivational force that leads individual to confront the constraints of external world" "secondary principal - CORRECT ANSWER * ego involved in logical and rational problem solving" "superego - CORRECT ANSWER * personality's seat of morality includes conscience and ego ideal" "object relations - CORRECT ANSWER one's own unconscious representations of important people in one's life" "attachment style - CORRECT ANSWER the way a person relates to a caregiver - secure, anxious, avoidant" "free association - CORRECT ANSWER method used in psychoanalysis in which CL speaks freely, saying whatever comes to mind" "behavior perspective - CORRECT ANSWER assumed that abnormality is caused by faulty learning experiences" "classical conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER learning a connection between originally neutral stimulus and a naturally evoking stimulus that produces an automatic reflexive reaction" "An important FIRST step in studying a particular disorder is - CORRECT ANSWER determining the criteria for identifying people who have the disorder." "Why is a representative sample desirable? - CORRECT ANSWER The more representative a sample is, the more generalizable the data." "Why are correlational (observational) research designs often used in abnormal psychology? - CORRECT ANSWER It is often unethical or impossible to directly manipulate the variables involved in abnormal psychology." "What type of research design begins with the identification of individuals who are likely to develop a particular disorder? - CORRECT ANSWER Prospective" "What is the value of using an ABAB design? - CORRECT ANSWER The effects of a single form of treatment are studied twice in the same subject." "What is Galen credited with? - CORRECT ANSWER Recognizing that psychological disorders could have both biological and psychological causes" "What trend was observed during the Middle Ages in Europe? - CORRECT ANSWER Supernatural explanations for mental disorders grew in popularity." "Compared to the West, in the Chinese "Dark Ages," views of mental illness - CORRECT ANSWER began at a more sophisticated level but regressed, like the West, to belief in the supernatural forces, although not for as long or with as negative a reaction to patients." "The fact that episodes of mass madness peaked at the time of the Black Death illustrates that - CORRECT ANSWER phenomena that impact the society and its structure may also affect mental health." "Recent historical reviews of the literature indicate that the typical accused witch in the Middle Ages in Europe was - CORRECT ANSWER an ill-tempered, impoverished woman." "The early asylums - CORRECT ANSWER were primarily warehouses for the mentally ill." ""Bedlam" in London was one of several hospitals for the mentally ill in different countries that - CORRECT ANSWER exhibited their patients for profit." "Philippe Pinel - CORRECT ANSWER believed that mental patients were ill and needed to be treated as such - with kindness and caring." "Who is considered the founder of American psychiatry? - CORRECT ANSWER Benjamin Rush" "The central principle of operant conditioning is that - CORRECT ANSWER the consequences of behavior influence its likelihood of being repeated." "The study of hypnosis and its relationship to hysteria was the starting point for - CORRECT ANSWER psychoanalysis." "Understanding the causes of mental disorders is important because - CORRECT ANSWER such knowledge might make both the prevention and cure of mental disorders possible." "While having a gene for Parkinson's disease guarantees that Parkinson's disease will develop, this is not the only factor that can lead to Parkinson's disease. In other words, the presence of the gene is a ________, but not a ________. - CORRECT ANSWER sufficient cause; necessary cause" "Childhood abuse is commonly seen in those who develop dissociative disorders later in life. Childhood abuse would best be described as a - CORRECT ANSWER distal contributory cause." "Etiology is - CORRECT ANSWER the causal pattern of a disorder." "According to Freud, a person who does not appropriately resolve each psychosexual stage would be ___________ at that stage. - CORRECT ANSWER fixated" "John Bowlby's attachment theory emphasized - CORRECT ANSWER the quality of parental care in forming attachments." "A diathesis can best be described as a - CORRECT ANSWER contributory cause." "A protective factor is - CORRECT ANSWER an influence that modifies a persons response to environmental stressors." "What is the focus of the field of developmental psychopathology? - CORRECT ANSWER To understand what is within the range of normal development so as to have a better understanding of what is abnormal." "Norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and GABA are all - CORRECT ANSWER neurotransmitters that are involved in psychopathology." "Cortisol is a hormone that - CORRECT ANSWER the adrenal gland produces that mobilizes the body to deal with stress." "Mental disorders are almost always influenced by multiple genes. This means they are - CORRECT ANSWER polygenic" "Attractive children and unattractive babies tend to be treated differently. In other words, an infant's physical phenotype may alter how others respond to him or her. What type of genotype-environment correlation is this an example of? - CORRECT ANSWER Evocative" "If trait is highly heritable, it would be expected that - CORRECT ANSWER the concordance rate for monozygotic twins would be greater than the concordance rate for dizygotic twins." "Which of the following strives to describe the location of genes responsible for mental disorders? - CORRECT ANSWER Association studies" "Neural plasticity is - CORRECT ANSWER the flexibility of the brain - existing neural circuits can change or new ones can be made." "The aim of a projective test is to - CORRECT ANSWER assess the way a patient perceives ambiguous stimuli." "Which statement about the Rorschach is accurate? - CORRECT ANSWER A considerable amount of training is required to administer and score it accurately." "What would determine whether the WISC-III or the WAIS-III is used to test intelligence? - CORRECT ANSWER The age of the client" "The MMPI is - CORRECT ANSWER a structured approach to personality assessment." "The empirical keying approach to making a test like the MMPI involves - CORRECT ANSWER picking items that differentiate between different groups, no subjective judgment is needed." "A key feature of the MMPI-2 is that - CORRECT ANSWER the clinical scales measure the same properties of personality organization as they always have." "A valid test - CORRECT ANSWER measures what it is designed to measure." "Which approach to the classification of abnormal behavior uses statistical criteria to differentiate between normal and abnormal? - CORRECT ANSWER Dimensional" "If a diagnosis is made by comparing subjects to a "model" of an illness, which type of classification scheme is being used? - CORRECT ANSWER Prototypical" "Since it was first published, the DSM has - CORRECT ANSWER become more objective." "Which axes are rarely used in most clinical settings? - CORRECT ANSWER Axes IV and V" "One criticism of diagnostic labels is that - CORRECT ANSWER they can influence both other people's and the diagnosed person's perception of themselves in negative ways." "The DSM acknowledges that - CORRECT ANSWER a DSM diagnosis is only the first step, much more is needed to determine treatment." "While the DSM is designed to be a categorical classification scheme, - CORRECT ANSWER the existing criteria tend to lead to a prototypal approach." "Research by Exner and others has shown that the Rorschach - CORRECT ANSWER can be scored by computer, thereby increasing its reliability." "Which of the following is an assumption of a categorical approach to abnormal behavior? - CORRECT ANSWER Each disorder has unique symptoms." "Which of the following would best address recent criticisms of the TAT? - CORRECT ANSWER Use more modern pictures" "impairment - CORRECT ANSWER * reduction in a person's ability to function at an optimal or even average level" "distress/risk - CORRECT ANSWER * experience of emotional or physical pain/ CL engage in behaviors that present the risk of death, hospitalization, or incarceration (danger to self or others)" "socially/culturally unacceptable - CORRECT ANSWER * behavior outside of expected norms in context" "underlying disturbance - CORRECT ANSWER * has to be linked to something underlying" "not social rebellion/deviance - CORRECT ANSWER * not normal rebellion/deviance" "stigma - CORRECT ANSWER * label that causes certain people to be regarded as different, defective, set apart from mainstream members of society" "biopsychosocial approach - CORRECT ANSWER interaction of bio, psycho, and social factors that play a role in a person's development" "diathesis-stress model - CORRECT ANSWER * people are born with a diathesis (predisposition) that places them at risk for developing a psychological disorder" "comorbid - CORRECT ANSWER * having co-existing psychiatric conditions ex- CL has ADHD and GAD" "DSM - CORRECT ANSWER diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders - book of psychological disorders - DSM-IV" "reliability - CORRECT ANSWER * degree to which clinicians provide diagnoses consistently across individuals who have particular symptoms" "validity - CORRECT ANSWER * extent to which a test measures what its supposed to measure" "axis - CORRECT ANSWER class of information about functioning" "multiaxial system - CORRECT ANSWER 5 axises about an individual's physical/psychological functioning" "Axis I - CORRECT ANSWER * clinical disorders ex- anxiety, depression, schizophrenia" "Axis II - CORRECT ANSWER * personality disorders and mental retardation ex- anti-social, narcissistic" "Axis III - CORRECT ANSWER * general medical conditions ex- high blood pressure, hyperthyroid" "Axis IV - CORRECT ANSWER * psychological and environmental problems ex- neglect, abuse" "Axis V - CORRECT ANSWER * global assessment of functioning (GAF) helps assess prognosis 0-100" "culture-bound syndromes - CORRECT ANSWER * recurrent patterns of abnormal behaviors or experiences that are limited to specific societies or cultural areas" "principal diagnosis - CORRECT ANSWER primary reason the individual seeks professional help" "differential doagnosis - CORRECT ANSWER * systematically ruling out alternative diagnoses" "case formulafion - CORRECT ANSWER analysis of Cl's development and factor that might have influenced his/her current psych status" "cultural formulation - CORRECT ANSWER TH assessment of the Cl's degree of identification with cultures origin, belief of psych disorders" "outpatient treatment - CORRECT ANSWER * professional office/clinic -Community Health Centers (CHMHCs) provide services on sliding scale" "halfway houses - CORRECT ANSWER * CLs discharged from psych hospital but can't live independently" "day treatment programs - CORRECT ANSWER * for formerly hospitalized, CLs that need structure during the day" "modality - CORRECT ANSWER * form in which TH offers psychotherapy" "individual psychotherapy - CORRECT ANSWER *TH works with CL one-on-one basis" "group therapy - CORRECT ANSWER * share problems, receive feedback, develop trust, and improve interpersonal skills" "millieu therapy - CORRECT ANSWER * the environment (millieu) is the major component -created by professionals (less stressful than own environment)" "evidence-based practice - CORRECT ANSWER clinical decision making that integrates the best available research, evidence, and clinical expertise in context of cultural background, preferences, and characteristics of CLs" "psychological testing - CORRECT ANSWER CL provides scorable information * good test consists of validity, reliability, and standardization" "psychometrics - CORRECT ANSWER "measurement of the mind"" "Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders - CORRECT ANSWER (SCID) most widely used clinical interview" "mental status examination - CORRECT ANSWER objectively assesses a clients behavior/functioning with attention to symptoms associated with psychological disturbance" "Intelligence tests - CORRECT ANSWER * Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test and Weschler Intelligence Test" "deviation intelligence - CORRECT ANSWER (IQ) * comparing scores with the mean score of that person's reference group -standard score of 100 and deviation of 15" "Weschler Intelligence Scales - CORRECT ANSWER * divided into Verbal and Performance" "self-report personality test - CORRECT ANSWER standardized questions with fixed responses ex- MMPI, NEO-PI-R, PAI, SCL-90-R" "projective personality test - CORRECT ANSWER presented with ambiguous item or task and is asked to respond by providing his/her own meaning -project unconscious meanings ex- Rorschach Inkblot Test, TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)" "MMPI - CORRECT ANSWER * scores 10 clinical and 3 validity scales - validity scales - (L) Lie Scale, (K) Correction, (F) Frequency" "polygenic - CORRECT ANSWER model of inheritance in which more than one gene participates in determining a given characteristic" "phenotype - CORRECT ANSWER genetic program in individual's physical and psychological attributes" "epigenetics - CORRECT ANSWER science that attempts to identify the ways that the environment influences genes to produce phenotypes" "endophenotypes - CORRECT ANSWER Biobehavioral abnormalities that are linked to genetic and neurobiological causes of mental illness." "epigenesis - CORRECT ANSWER mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of body cells" "DNA methylation - CORRECT ANSWER can turn off a gene as a chemical group, methyl attaches itself to the gene ex- during pregnancy baby can be exposed to toxins" "deep brain stimulation - CORRECT ANSWER (DBS) a treatment for neurological disorders that involves the delivery of continuous, low-level electrical stimulation to particular brain structures through implanted electrodes" "neuromodulation - CORRECT ANSWER neurosurgery in which permanently implanted electrodes trigger responses in specific brain circuits as needed" "electroconclusive therapy - CORRECT ANSWER (ECT) A treatment that involves inducing a mild seizure by delivering an electrical shock to the brain." "trait theory - CORRECT ANSWER abnormalities occur when individual has maladaptive personality traits" "personality trait - CORRECT ANSWER pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and others" "Five Factor Model - CORRECT ANSWER "Big Five" trait theory proposing there are 5 basic dispositions in personality OCEAN" "defense mechanisms - CORRECT ANSWER * tactics that keep unacceptable thoughts, instincts, and feelings out of conscious awareness and project ego against anxiety -displacement, reaction formation, repression, denial, projection, regression" "displacement - CORRECT ANSWER a defense mechanism that transfers affect or reaction from the original object to some more acceptable one" "reaction formation - CORRECT ANSWER defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings." "repression - CORRECT ANSWER the classical defense mechanism that protects you from impulses or ideas that would cause anxiety by preventing them from becoming conscious" "denial - CORRECT ANSWER a defense mechanism that denies painful thoughts" "projection - CORRECT ANSWER a defense mechanism by which your own traits and emotions are attributed to someone else" "regression - CORRECT ANSWER a defense mechanism in which you flee from reality by assuming a more infantile state" "Carl Jung - CORRECT ANSWER known for archetypes" "Alfred Alder and Karen Horney - CORRECT ANSWER known for ego" "Erik Erikson - CORRECT ANSWER known for "ego identity"" "operant conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER learning process in which an individual acquires behaviors through reinforcement ("strengthening")" “What makes defining abnormality difficult? - CORRECT ANSWER There is no one behavior that serves to make someone abnormal." "What is a reason for classifying mental disorders? - CORRECT ANSWER A classification system allows information to be organized." "Which of the following is a disadvantage of having a classification system for mental disorders? - CORRECT ANSWER When a label is used to describe an individual's behavior, information about the person is lost." "According to the DSM-IV's definition of mental disorder, impairment in one or more areas of functioning (disability) - CORRECT ANSWER may be present but is not a necessary condition for making a diagnosis." "What is a culture-specific disorder? - CORRECT ANSWER A disorder seen only in certain cultures" "Why is it important to know how many people have diagnosable mental illnesses? - CORRECT ANSWER Such information is needed to plan for the provision of adequate services." "What does it mean if a disorder is said to be highly prevalent? - CORRECT ANSWER It is common." "Why is it believed that the NCS survey used to estimate the prevalence of mental illness underestimated that prevalence? - CORRECT ANSWER Measures of several types of disorders were not included." "A major finding from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) was that - CORRECT ANSWER over half of the people with a history of one serious disorder had two or more comorbid disorders." "The trend toward deinstitutionalization in recent years means that - CORRECT ANSWER people are hospitalized more briefly and then treated on an outpatient basis." "Which of the following mental health professionals has a medical degree? - CORRECT ANSWER The psychiatrist" "Why is it important to have some understanding of what causes a psychological disorder? - CORRECT ANSWER The selection of a treatment approach is largely determined by assumptions about causality." "Why is it dangerous to make conclusions based on case studies? - CORRECT ANSWER Conclusions based on so little data are likely to be flawed." "Which of the following would most likely be explored with an experiment? - CORRECT ANSWER The effectiveness of a new treatment for depression" "What did Seligman find by studying dogs exposed to uncontrollable shock? - CORRECT ANSWER Seligman found that uncontrollable shock led the dogs to behave much like depressed humans." "A researcher who provides a certain treatment for one group and withholds treatment from a completely comparable group is using the ________ research method. - CORRECT ANSWER experimental" "Which variable is manipulated in an experiment? - CORRECT ANSWER Independent" "A significant positive correlation is found between variables x and y. Which of the following may be safely inferred? - CORRECT ANSWER as x increases, y increases" "A psychologist wishes to test the hypothesis that the experience of chronic physical pain can cause clinical depression, but the Ethics Committee of his university won't allow him to conduct a study in which he inflicts pain on the subjects. What kind of research design might best allow the psychologist to test this hypothesis while circumventing the committee's objection? - CORRECT ANSWER Analogue" "To determine whether certain characteristics are true of people in general, and not just of people with mental disorders, it is important to use - CORRECT ANSWER a control group." "What is trephining? - CORRECT ANSWER An ancient practice in which a hole was drilled in the skull to release evil spirits." "The belief in the four humors as a means of explaining temperament - CORRECT ANSWER proposed that mental disorders were the result of an imbalance." "One of Aristotle's most major contributions to psychology was - CORRECT ANSWER his description of consciousness." "Dorothea Dix - CORRECT ANSWER is credited with establishing numerous humane mental hospitals in many countries." "The moral management treatment - CORRECT ANSWER focused on the moral and spiritual development of mental patients rather than their disorder." "What is Clifford Beers known for? - CORRECT ANSWER He publicized the brutal treatment that many mental patients received." "During the first half of the twentieth century, mental hospital care would best be characterized as - CORRECT ANSWER punitive." "Which of the following served to publicize the plight of the mentally ill in the mid 1940s? - CORRECT ANSWER The publication of "The Snake Pit"" "The rationale behind deinstitutionalization was - CORRECT ANSWER a concern that prolonged hospitalization could keep patients from being able to adjust to and function in the outside world." "Which of the following is recognized as a major biomedical breakthrough in psychopathology because it established the link between mental and physical illnesses? - CORRECT ANSWER the discovery of the cause and later a cure for general paresis (syphilitic insanity)" "Kraepelin is credited with - CORRECT ANSWER identifying different types of mental disorders." "The Nancy School - CORRECT ANSWER advanced the recognition that psychological factors were involved in the development of mental disorders." "A catharsis is - CORRECT ANSWER an emotional release." "Behaviorism was - CORRECT ANSWER a reaction to what the behaviorists perceived as a lack of scientific rigor in psychoanalysis." "Suppose that, using linkage analysis, a researcher finds that family members with a high likelihood of developing depression also are very likely to be of below average height. This would mean - CORRECT ANSWER the gene for depression is probably located near the gene for height" "Defense mechanisms - CORRECT ANSWER help a person feel less anxious, but because they usually work by distorting reality, they are not always adaptive." "Which of the following is a criticism of traditional psychoanalytic theory? - CORRECT ANSWER Lack of scientific evidence" "The behavioral perspective has been criticized for - CORRECT ANSWER focusing on symptoms." "Cognitive-behavioral psychologists believe that abnormal behavior - CORRECT ANSWER results from distorted thinking and information processing." "The four parenting styles described in the text differ along two dimensions, warmth and control. The style associated with the most positive developmental outcome is best described as ________ in warmth and ________ in control. - CORRECT ANSWER high; moderately high" "A major factor associated with a child's rejection by peers is - CORRECT ANSWER overly aggressive behavior." "Cross-cultural research on stress demonstrates that - CORRECT ANSWER responses to stress vary cross-culturally." "A psychologist who takes an eclectic approach is most likely to make which of the following statements? - CORRECT ANSWER "I will accept any explanation from psychoanalytic to biological as long as it works."" "Which of the following explanations for the relationship between SES and abnormal behavior is supported by the existing data? a. Low SES may cause abnormal behavior. b. Abnormal behavior is more likely to go untreated in those of low SES c. Recovery from loss of a job may be more difficult for those exhibiting signs of mental illness. d. All of the above - CORRECT ANSWER All of the above" "Which of the following statements regarding assessment is true? - CORRECT ANSWER An adequate assessment should include as much information as possible." "One advantage of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) over the CAT scan is that the MRI - CORRECT ANSWER provides better differentiation and clarity." "Which of the following would be used to reveal a dysrhythmia in brain activity? - CORRECT ANSWER EEG" "The reliability of the assessment interview may be enhanced by the use of - CORRECT ANSWER rating scales." "Psychological tests - CORRECT ANSWER are dependent on the competence of the clinician who interprets them." "The use of standardized psychological tests - CORRECT ANSWER permits the clinician to determine how a client's behavior compares to some reference group." ""Projective" and "objective" are two types of ________ tests. - CORRECT ANSWER personality"