BATES CHAPTER 16 CARDIOVASCULAR EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026 A COMPLETE
SOLUTION WITH 100% CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS BEST
RATED TO SCORE A+ FOR SUCCESS
Heart failure has two common manifestations, and the classification if determined by? -
CORRECT ANSWERS Ejection fraction: Heart failure with preserved EF, et Heart
failure with REDUCED EF are two distinct clinical entities with different treatment algorithms
Cardiac output - CORRECT ANSWERS the volume of blood ejected from each
ventricle in 1 minute, is the product of heart rate et stroke volume
Ejection Fraction (EF)? - CORRECT ANSWERS Percentage of ventricular volume
ejected during each heartbeat and is normally 60%
Causes of decreased Right ventricular preload include? - CORRECT ANSWERS
Exhalation; dehydration; et pooling of blood in the capillary bed or the venous system
Afterload refers to? - CORRECT ANSWERS The degree of vascular resistance to
ventricular contraction. Sources of resistance to contraction include the tone in the walls of
the aorta, the large arteries, et peripheral vascular tree (primarily small arteries et
arterioles), et volume of blood already in aorta
Pathologic increases in preload and afterload, called volume overload et pressure overload,
produce changes in ventricular function that may result in? - CORRECT ANSWERS
Clinical heart failure, when the heart becomes ineffective as a pump
JVP (jugular venous pressure)? - CORRECT ANSWERS Reflects right atrial pressure,
which in turn equals central venous pressure et right ventricular end diastolic pressure.
The JVP is best estimated from the? - CORRECT ANSWERS Right internal jugular
vein (which has the most direct channel into the right atrium)
Pansystolic (holosystolic) murmurs are? - CORRECT ANSWERS Pathologic, arising
from blood flow from a chamber w/ high pressure to one of lower pressure, through a valve
or other structure that should be closed. Begins immediately w/ S1 et continues up to S2
,BATES CHAPTER 16 CARDIOVASCULAR EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026 A COMPLETE
SOLUTION WITH 100% CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS BEST
RATED TO SCORE A+ FOR SUCCESS
-Mitral regurgitation
-Tricuspid Regurgitation
-Ventricular Septal Defect
Diastolic Murmurs? - CORRECT ANSWERS Always pathologic
-2 basic types in adults
-Early decrescendo signify regurgitant flow through an incompetent semilunar valve, usually
the aortic
-Rumbling in mid to late diastole point point to stenosis of an AV Valve usually the mitral
-less common
More difficult to hear and require more meticulous examination
-Aortic Regurgitaion
-Mitral Stenosis
What does atrial contraction produce? - CORRECT ANSWERS An a wave in the
jugular veins, just before S1, and systole caused by retrograde blood flow into the neck veins
followed x descent of continued atrial relaxation
As right atrial pressure begins to rise with inflow from the vena cava during the right
ventricular systole, there is a second elevation, what is it? - CORRECT ANSWERS The
v wave, followed by the y descent as blood passively empties from the right atrium into the
RV during early et middiastole
A simplified way to remember the three peaks is: - CORRECT ANSWERS A: Atrial
contraction
C:Carotid transmission (although this may represent closure of the tricuspid valve
V: Venous filling
,BATES CHAPTER 16 CARDIOVASCULAR EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026 A COMPLETE
SOLUTION WITH 100% CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS BEST
RATED TO SCORE A+ FOR SUCCESS
Abnormally prominent cannon a waves occur in? - CORRECT ANSWERS Increased
resistance to right atrial contraction, as in tricuspid stenosis
-Severe 1st, 2nd, 3rd AV block
-Supraventricular tachycardia
-Junctional tachycardia
-Pulmonary HTN
-Pulmonic stenosis
absent a waves signal what? - CORRECT ANSWERS atrial fibrillation
Increased v waves occur in? - CORRECT ANSWERS -tricuspid regurgitation
-atrial septal defects
-constrictive pericarditis
Anterior chest pain, often tearing or ripping et radiating into the back or neck, occurs in? -
CORRECT ANSWERS Acute Aortic Dissection
Causes of chest pain in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease on angiogram
include? - CORRECT ANSWERS Microvascular coronary dysfunction et Abnormal
cardiac nocioception (requires special testing)
Both men et women with acute coronary syndrome usually present with classic symptoms
of exertional angina, However women typically over 65 are more likely to present with
atypical s/s that may go unrecognized such as? - CORRECT ANSWERS Upper back,
neck, or jaw pain, SOB, Paroxysmal Nocturnal dyspnea, N/V, Fatigue
Roughly half of women with chest pain and normal angiograms have? - CORRECT
ANSWERS Microvascular coronary dysfunction
, BATES CHAPTER 16 CARDIOVASCULAR EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026 A COMPLETE
SOLUTION WITH 100% CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS BEST
RATED TO SCORE A+ FOR SUCCESS
Anxious et Hyperthyroid pts may report? - CORRECT ANSWERS Palpitations
Most serious dysrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia, often do not produce? -
CORRECT ANSWERS Palpitations
If there are signs of irregular heart action, what should your next step be? - CORRECT
ANSWERS Obtain an ECG
What type of pulse is often identified at the bedside with A-Fib? - CORRECT
ANSWERS Irregularly Irregular
Clues in the history such transient skips et flops may signify? - CORRECT ANSWERS
Possible premature contractions
Rapid irregular beating of sudden onset et offset may signify? - CORRECT ANSWERS
Possible Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia
Rapidly regular rate <120beats/min, esp if gradually starting et stopping may signify? -
CORRECT ANSWERS Possible Sinus Tachycardia
sudden dyspnea occurs in? - CORRECT ANSWERS pulmonary embolus, spontaneous
pneumothorax, anxiety
Orthopnea et Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea occur in? - CORRECT ANSWERS Left
ventricular heart failure et mitral stenosis et Obstructive lung disease
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea may be mimicked by? - CORRECT ANSWERS
Nocturnal Asthma attacks
AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026 A COMPLETE
SOLUTION WITH 100% CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS BEST
RATED TO SCORE A+ FOR SUCCESS
Heart failure has two common manifestations, and the classification if determined by? -
CORRECT ANSWERS Ejection fraction: Heart failure with preserved EF, et Heart
failure with REDUCED EF are two distinct clinical entities with different treatment algorithms
Cardiac output - CORRECT ANSWERS the volume of blood ejected from each
ventricle in 1 minute, is the product of heart rate et stroke volume
Ejection Fraction (EF)? - CORRECT ANSWERS Percentage of ventricular volume
ejected during each heartbeat and is normally 60%
Causes of decreased Right ventricular preload include? - CORRECT ANSWERS
Exhalation; dehydration; et pooling of blood in the capillary bed or the venous system
Afterload refers to? - CORRECT ANSWERS The degree of vascular resistance to
ventricular contraction. Sources of resistance to contraction include the tone in the walls of
the aorta, the large arteries, et peripheral vascular tree (primarily small arteries et
arterioles), et volume of blood already in aorta
Pathologic increases in preload and afterload, called volume overload et pressure overload,
produce changes in ventricular function that may result in? - CORRECT ANSWERS
Clinical heart failure, when the heart becomes ineffective as a pump
JVP (jugular venous pressure)? - CORRECT ANSWERS Reflects right atrial pressure,
which in turn equals central venous pressure et right ventricular end diastolic pressure.
The JVP is best estimated from the? - CORRECT ANSWERS Right internal jugular
vein (which has the most direct channel into the right atrium)
Pansystolic (holosystolic) murmurs are? - CORRECT ANSWERS Pathologic, arising
from blood flow from a chamber w/ high pressure to one of lower pressure, through a valve
or other structure that should be closed. Begins immediately w/ S1 et continues up to S2
,BATES CHAPTER 16 CARDIOVASCULAR EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026 A COMPLETE
SOLUTION WITH 100% CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS BEST
RATED TO SCORE A+ FOR SUCCESS
-Mitral regurgitation
-Tricuspid Regurgitation
-Ventricular Septal Defect
Diastolic Murmurs? - CORRECT ANSWERS Always pathologic
-2 basic types in adults
-Early decrescendo signify regurgitant flow through an incompetent semilunar valve, usually
the aortic
-Rumbling in mid to late diastole point point to stenosis of an AV Valve usually the mitral
-less common
More difficult to hear and require more meticulous examination
-Aortic Regurgitaion
-Mitral Stenosis
What does atrial contraction produce? - CORRECT ANSWERS An a wave in the
jugular veins, just before S1, and systole caused by retrograde blood flow into the neck veins
followed x descent of continued atrial relaxation
As right atrial pressure begins to rise with inflow from the vena cava during the right
ventricular systole, there is a second elevation, what is it? - CORRECT ANSWERS The
v wave, followed by the y descent as blood passively empties from the right atrium into the
RV during early et middiastole
A simplified way to remember the three peaks is: - CORRECT ANSWERS A: Atrial
contraction
C:Carotid transmission (although this may represent closure of the tricuspid valve
V: Venous filling
,BATES CHAPTER 16 CARDIOVASCULAR EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026 A COMPLETE
SOLUTION WITH 100% CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS BEST
RATED TO SCORE A+ FOR SUCCESS
Abnormally prominent cannon a waves occur in? - CORRECT ANSWERS Increased
resistance to right atrial contraction, as in tricuspid stenosis
-Severe 1st, 2nd, 3rd AV block
-Supraventricular tachycardia
-Junctional tachycardia
-Pulmonary HTN
-Pulmonic stenosis
absent a waves signal what? - CORRECT ANSWERS atrial fibrillation
Increased v waves occur in? - CORRECT ANSWERS -tricuspid regurgitation
-atrial septal defects
-constrictive pericarditis
Anterior chest pain, often tearing or ripping et radiating into the back or neck, occurs in? -
CORRECT ANSWERS Acute Aortic Dissection
Causes of chest pain in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease on angiogram
include? - CORRECT ANSWERS Microvascular coronary dysfunction et Abnormal
cardiac nocioception (requires special testing)
Both men et women with acute coronary syndrome usually present with classic symptoms
of exertional angina, However women typically over 65 are more likely to present with
atypical s/s that may go unrecognized such as? - CORRECT ANSWERS Upper back,
neck, or jaw pain, SOB, Paroxysmal Nocturnal dyspnea, N/V, Fatigue
Roughly half of women with chest pain and normal angiograms have? - CORRECT
ANSWERS Microvascular coronary dysfunction
, BATES CHAPTER 16 CARDIOVASCULAR EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026 A COMPLETE
SOLUTION WITH 100% CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS BEST
RATED TO SCORE A+ FOR SUCCESS
Anxious et Hyperthyroid pts may report? - CORRECT ANSWERS Palpitations
Most serious dysrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia, often do not produce? -
CORRECT ANSWERS Palpitations
If there are signs of irregular heart action, what should your next step be? - CORRECT
ANSWERS Obtain an ECG
What type of pulse is often identified at the bedside with A-Fib? - CORRECT
ANSWERS Irregularly Irregular
Clues in the history such transient skips et flops may signify? - CORRECT ANSWERS
Possible premature contractions
Rapid irregular beating of sudden onset et offset may signify? - CORRECT ANSWERS
Possible Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia
Rapidly regular rate <120beats/min, esp if gradually starting et stopping may signify? -
CORRECT ANSWERS Possible Sinus Tachycardia
sudden dyspnea occurs in? - CORRECT ANSWERS pulmonary embolus, spontaneous
pneumothorax, anxiety
Orthopnea et Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea occur in? - CORRECT ANSWERS Left
ventricular heart failure et mitral stenosis et Obstructive lung disease
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea may be mimicked by? - CORRECT ANSWERS
Nocturnal Asthma attacks
