Higher Human Biology Exam with
100% Correct Answers
What are Geraldine cells? (Must know) - Answer-Include gametes and the cells that
produce them. Gamete mother cells are found in the testes and ovaries.
How many chromosomes do Germline cells have? (Must know) - Answer-46
chromosomes, they are diploid (2n)
What type of cells do germline cells produce from mitosis? (Must know) - Answer-
Produce more diploid (2n) gamete mother cells, no change in chromosome
complement.
What type of cells do germline cells produce from meiosis? (Must know) - Answer-They
are the ONLY cells that undergo meiosis! Produces haploid (n) gametes. Chromosome
number is halved.
What is a gene? (Must know) - Answer-An area of a chromosome. Since chromosomes
are made of DNA (mainly) the gene is also made of DNA and has a base sequence
What happens if there is a mutation in a germline cell? - Answer-Mutation is passed to
the offspring of the individual during meiosis
What happens if there is a mutation in a somatic cell? - Answer-It may cause a change
in phenotype but this is NOT passed on to the next generation
What stops mRNA molecule lengthening? - Answer-A terminator sequence of
nucleotides
What is the Primary Transcript? - Answer-The mRNA strand
What are the non coding regions of DNA called? - Answer-Introns.
Introns are interspersed between coding regions called Exons.
What is RNA splicing? - Answer-Non coding introns are cut out of the primary transcript
and exons are spliced together.
What is Translation? - Answer-Translation is the synthesis of a protein as a polypeptide
chain under the direction of mRNA.
, Why is tRNA (transfer RNA) folded? - Answer-Folds due to base pairings to form;
1. One triplet anticodon
2. An attachment site for one specific type of amino acid.
What is cellular differentiation? - Answer-The process by which a cell develops more
specialised functions by expressing the genes characterics for that type of cell.
How is gene switching on/off controlled? - Answer-Under genetic control. Involves cell
signalling. Genes that express proteins important to remain switched on.
How do specialised cells arise? - Answer-From the differentiation of unspecialised cells
during Embryological Development.
What is grouped together to make tissues? - Answer-Specialised cells.
What is grouped together to make organs? - Answer-Tissues.
What makes a system? - Answer-Similar groups of organs.
What are somatic cells? - Answer-All body cells except sperm and eggs which are
gametes.
What are stem cells? - Answer-Unspecialised somatic cells.
When are embryonic stem cells derived from an embryo? - Answer-About 4-5 days -
Blastocyst
Describe Blastocysts - Answer-Embryonic stem cell. Able to differentiate and specialise
into all cell types. They are pluripotent.
Where are adult/tissue stem cells found? - Answer-Brain, bone marrow, skeletal muscle
and skin.
Describe Adult/Tissue stem cells - Answer-Give rise to a limited range of cell types and
develop into cell types that are closely related to the tissue in which they are found.
They are Multipotent.
Tissue stem cells (must know) - Answer-Found in bone marrow and can only
differentiate and specialise into red blood cells; lymphocytes and platelets.
Involved in growth, repair and removal of the cells found in that tissue. Eg, skin.
Types of Tissue- What is connective tissue? (must know) - Answer-Bone, blood and
cartilage.
Types of Tissue- What is Epithelium? (Must know) - Answer-Covers the body and lines
the inner cavities eg skin
100% Correct Answers
What are Geraldine cells? (Must know) - Answer-Include gametes and the cells that
produce them. Gamete mother cells are found in the testes and ovaries.
How many chromosomes do Germline cells have? (Must know) - Answer-46
chromosomes, they are diploid (2n)
What type of cells do germline cells produce from mitosis? (Must know) - Answer-
Produce more diploid (2n) gamete mother cells, no change in chromosome
complement.
What type of cells do germline cells produce from meiosis? (Must know) - Answer-They
are the ONLY cells that undergo meiosis! Produces haploid (n) gametes. Chromosome
number is halved.
What is a gene? (Must know) - Answer-An area of a chromosome. Since chromosomes
are made of DNA (mainly) the gene is also made of DNA and has a base sequence
What happens if there is a mutation in a germline cell? - Answer-Mutation is passed to
the offspring of the individual during meiosis
What happens if there is a mutation in a somatic cell? - Answer-It may cause a change
in phenotype but this is NOT passed on to the next generation
What stops mRNA molecule lengthening? - Answer-A terminator sequence of
nucleotides
What is the Primary Transcript? - Answer-The mRNA strand
What are the non coding regions of DNA called? - Answer-Introns.
Introns are interspersed between coding regions called Exons.
What is RNA splicing? - Answer-Non coding introns are cut out of the primary transcript
and exons are spliced together.
What is Translation? - Answer-Translation is the synthesis of a protein as a polypeptide
chain under the direction of mRNA.
, Why is tRNA (transfer RNA) folded? - Answer-Folds due to base pairings to form;
1. One triplet anticodon
2. An attachment site for one specific type of amino acid.
What is cellular differentiation? - Answer-The process by which a cell develops more
specialised functions by expressing the genes characterics for that type of cell.
How is gene switching on/off controlled? - Answer-Under genetic control. Involves cell
signalling. Genes that express proteins important to remain switched on.
How do specialised cells arise? - Answer-From the differentiation of unspecialised cells
during Embryological Development.
What is grouped together to make tissues? - Answer-Specialised cells.
What is grouped together to make organs? - Answer-Tissues.
What makes a system? - Answer-Similar groups of organs.
What are somatic cells? - Answer-All body cells except sperm and eggs which are
gametes.
What are stem cells? - Answer-Unspecialised somatic cells.
When are embryonic stem cells derived from an embryo? - Answer-About 4-5 days -
Blastocyst
Describe Blastocysts - Answer-Embryonic stem cell. Able to differentiate and specialise
into all cell types. They are pluripotent.
Where are adult/tissue stem cells found? - Answer-Brain, bone marrow, skeletal muscle
and skin.
Describe Adult/Tissue stem cells - Answer-Give rise to a limited range of cell types and
develop into cell types that are closely related to the tissue in which they are found.
They are Multipotent.
Tissue stem cells (must know) - Answer-Found in bone marrow and can only
differentiate and specialise into red blood cells; lymphocytes and platelets.
Involved in growth, repair and removal of the cells found in that tissue. Eg, skin.
Types of Tissue- What is connective tissue? (must know) - Answer-Bone, blood and
cartilage.
Types of Tissue- What is Epithelium? (Must know) - Answer-Covers the body and lines
the inner cavities eg skin
