1
HOSA
HOSA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Exam 2
Questions with Answers Latest Versions 2025
Top Rated A+
Barbiturates - ANS ✓induce hepatic microsomal enzymes (CYP450 inducers)
and thus increase warfarin metabolism and reduce its anticoagulant effect (could
lead to stroke)
Cytochrome p450 inducers - ANS ✓Carbamazepine
Phenobarbital
Phenytoin
Rifampin
Griseofulvin
CYP 450 inhibitors - ANS ✓Cimetidine
Ciprofloxacin
Erythromycin
Azole Antifungals
isoniazid
ritonavir
grapefruit juice
Unlike the CYP 450 inducers, these increase the anticoagulant effects of
warfarin.
Rifampin - ANS ✓Used prophylactically for close contacts in those with
menigocococcal meningitis (Neisseria meningitidis). Neisseria meningitides is a
gram-negative cocci seen in pairs that often afflicts college-aged students.
Pyruvate kinase deficiency - ANS ✓causes haemolytic anaemia due to failure of
glycolysis and resultant failure to generate sufficient ATP to maintain erythrocyte
structure.
Protease inhibitors (like Ataznavir) - ANS ✓are used for HIV and prevent
formation of mature viral proteins. Side effects include hyperglycemia,
lipodystrophy and drug-drug interactions due to inhibition of CYP 450.
HOSA Pharm
, 2
HOSA
Colchicine - ANS ✓inhibits tubulin polymerizaiton into microtubules
(cytoskeleton), thus disrupting chemotaxis and phagocytosis and can be used for
acute treatment and prophylaxis of gout. Important side effects include nausea,
abdominal pain, and diarrhea.
Amiodarone - ANS ✓a class III antiarrhthmic that causes lengthening of cardiac
action potential by prolonging phase 3 (inhibit potassium channels so slower
repolarization), which manifests as prolonged QT. in contrast to other drugs,
very little risk of torsades de pointes even though the QT interval is prolonged.
Atropine - ANS ✓indicated for treatment of severe bradycardia as it decreases
the influence of SA and AV nodes. A common side effects is increased intraocular
pressure, which may precipitate acute closed-angle glaucoma.
Cocaine withdrawal - ANS ✓characterized by development of acute depression
fatigue, vivid dreams, hypersomnia, and hyperphagia. Key being relatively mild
physical symptoms compared to the others.
Ergonovine - ANS ✓can provoke coronary artery vasospasm in the attempt to
diagnose Prinz metal’s angina ,characterized by episodic, transient attacks of
coronary vasospasm, typically occurring at rest and at night. Produce temporary
ST elevations.
Rituximab - ANS ✓used to treat the vasculitities
Nitrate tolerance - ANS ✓patients need to have a nitrate-free period every day
to avoid tolerance of the drug
Nitrites (eg. amyl nitrite) - ANS ✓oxidizing agents that are effective in the
treatment of cyanide poisoning due to the ability to cause methemoglobinemia
(which rapidly binds the cyanide).
Sodium thiosulfate may also be used
Lithium - ANS ✓commonly used to treat bipolar disorder. Its use during
pregnancy is associated with Epstein’s anomaly (apical displacement of the
tricuspid valve leaflets, decreased right ventricular volume, and atrilization of the
right ventricle.
HOSA Pharm
, 3
HOSA
Nitrates - ANS ✓via conversion to NO activate guanylate cyclase and increase
intracellular levels of cGMP, which leads to decreased activity of myosin light
chain kinase (less calcium), thus leading to myosin light chain
dephosphorylation, resulting in vascular smooth muscle relaxation. Often used
during a hypertensive crisis.
Clomiphene - ANS ✓An estrogen receptor modulator that can allow those who
have PCOS to become fertile again. It decreases negative feedback inhibition on
the hypothalamus by circulating estrogen, thereby increasing gonadotropin
production (FSH and LH)
Histoplasma capsulatum - ANS ✓Can survive intracellularly within
macrophages. It causes a disseminate mycosis in immunocompromised
individuals (think history for HIV). Clinical features include systemic symptoms
like weight loss and fever, painful oral ulcers, lymphadenopathy, and
hepatosplenomegaly (H for H)
Majority of water reabsorption - ANS ✓occurs in the proximal convoluted
tubule, regardless of hydration status
Risperidone - ANS ✓An antipsychotic that is used for schizophrenia. It works by
inhibiting D2 Dopamine, which in turn leads to hyperprolactinemia as dopamine
can't supress it. This can lead to hypogonadism with the inhibition of GnRH form
the hypothalamus. In addition, hyperprolactinemia can lead to amenorrhea,
galactorrhea and breast soreness.
Combination oral contraceptives (OCPs) - ANS ✓inhibit ovulation by
decreasing synthesis of FSH and LH in the anterior pituitary. Their effects on
cervical mucus and endometrium play a minor role.
ACE Inhibitors - ANS ✓can cause angioedema rarely due to bradykinin build-up
(a potent vascular permeability chemical). Symptoms include tongue, eyelid and
lip swelling. Discontinue the ACE inhibitor, potentially serious.
Dermal atrophy - ANS ✓A topical steroid side effect if used for too long
Azoles - ANS ✓supress the synthesis of ergosterol (e), an essential component of
the fungal cell membrane. They also inhibit the activity of the CP450 and thus
drug-drug interactions.
HOSA Pharm
, 4
HOSA
corticosteroids (fluticasone) - ANS ✓Have the strongest and most predictable
effects on the inflammatory component of asthma. Inhaled corticosteroids form
the cornerstone of chronic therapy for patients with persistent asthma can
reduce the number and severity of acute asthma exacerbations.
Fibrates (Gemfibrozil) - ANS ✓are most effective in treating
hypertriglyceridemia (can cause acute pancreatitis)
Acetazolamide - ANS ✓a diuretic that works by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase
reactions necessary for NaHCO3 reabsorption in the proximal tubule. This results
in urinary bicarbonate wasting. Acetazolamide is also used for glaucoma to
relieve pressure.
Finasteride - ANS ✓a 5 alpha reductase inhibitor that suppresses peripheral
conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. It is used for treatment of
benign prostatic hyperplasia and androgenetic alopecia (baldness)
Metonidazole - ANS ✓interacts with alcohol causing acetaldehyde to accumulate
(like a disulfiram-like reaction when mixed with alcohol). It is often used to
treated trichomonas vaginitis and BV
Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia - ANS ✓can causes significant
potassium release and life-threatening arrhythmias in patients at high risk for
hyperkalemia, including those with burns, myopathies, crush injuries, and
denervating injuries or diseases. (because it activates to high degree the
acetylcholine receptor at the motor end plate- potassium can come out).
Drug-Induced Lupus erythematosus drugs - ANS ✓Hydralazine
Procainiamide
Isoniazid
Minocycline
Quinidine
Aortic Regurgitation - ANS ✓"Water-hammer" pulses (full and then collapses)
and head-bobbing with each heart beat (de Musset sign) are characteristic
findings of this murmur.
Bounding femoral pulses.
HOSA Pharm
HOSA
HOSA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Exam 2
Questions with Answers Latest Versions 2025
Top Rated A+
Barbiturates - ANS ✓induce hepatic microsomal enzymes (CYP450 inducers)
and thus increase warfarin metabolism and reduce its anticoagulant effect (could
lead to stroke)
Cytochrome p450 inducers - ANS ✓Carbamazepine
Phenobarbital
Phenytoin
Rifampin
Griseofulvin
CYP 450 inhibitors - ANS ✓Cimetidine
Ciprofloxacin
Erythromycin
Azole Antifungals
isoniazid
ritonavir
grapefruit juice
Unlike the CYP 450 inducers, these increase the anticoagulant effects of
warfarin.
Rifampin - ANS ✓Used prophylactically for close contacts in those with
menigocococcal meningitis (Neisseria meningitidis). Neisseria meningitides is a
gram-negative cocci seen in pairs that often afflicts college-aged students.
Pyruvate kinase deficiency - ANS ✓causes haemolytic anaemia due to failure of
glycolysis and resultant failure to generate sufficient ATP to maintain erythrocyte
structure.
Protease inhibitors (like Ataznavir) - ANS ✓are used for HIV and prevent
formation of mature viral proteins. Side effects include hyperglycemia,
lipodystrophy and drug-drug interactions due to inhibition of CYP 450.
HOSA Pharm
, 2
HOSA
Colchicine - ANS ✓inhibits tubulin polymerizaiton into microtubules
(cytoskeleton), thus disrupting chemotaxis and phagocytosis and can be used for
acute treatment and prophylaxis of gout. Important side effects include nausea,
abdominal pain, and diarrhea.
Amiodarone - ANS ✓a class III antiarrhthmic that causes lengthening of cardiac
action potential by prolonging phase 3 (inhibit potassium channels so slower
repolarization), which manifests as prolonged QT. in contrast to other drugs,
very little risk of torsades de pointes even though the QT interval is prolonged.
Atropine - ANS ✓indicated for treatment of severe bradycardia as it decreases
the influence of SA and AV nodes. A common side effects is increased intraocular
pressure, which may precipitate acute closed-angle glaucoma.
Cocaine withdrawal - ANS ✓characterized by development of acute depression
fatigue, vivid dreams, hypersomnia, and hyperphagia. Key being relatively mild
physical symptoms compared to the others.
Ergonovine - ANS ✓can provoke coronary artery vasospasm in the attempt to
diagnose Prinz metal’s angina ,characterized by episodic, transient attacks of
coronary vasospasm, typically occurring at rest and at night. Produce temporary
ST elevations.
Rituximab - ANS ✓used to treat the vasculitities
Nitrate tolerance - ANS ✓patients need to have a nitrate-free period every day
to avoid tolerance of the drug
Nitrites (eg. amyl nitrite) - ANS ✓oxidizing agents that are effective in the
treatment of cyanide poisoning due to the ability to cause methemoglobinemia
(which rapidly binds the cyanide).
Sodium thiosulfate may also be used
Lithium - ANS ✓commonly used to treat bipolar disorder. Its use during
pregnancy is associated with Epstein’s anomaly (apical displacement of the
tricuspid valve leaflets, decreased right ventricular volume, and atrilization of the
right ventricle.
HOSA Pharm
, 3
HOSA
Nitrates - ANS ✓via conversion to NO activate guanylate cyclase and increase
intracellular levels of cGMP, which leads to decreased activity of myosin light
chain kinase (less calcium), thus leading to myosin light chain
dephosphorylation, resulting in vascular smooth muscle relaxation. Often used
during a hypertensive crisis.
Clomiphene - ANS ✓An estrogen receptor modulator that can allow those who
have PCOS to become fertile again. It decreases negative feedback inhibition on
the hypothalamus by circulating estrogen, thereby increasing gonadotropin
production (FSH and LH)
Histoplasma capsulatum - ANS ✓Can survive intracellularly within
macrophages. It causes a disseminate mycosis in immunocompromised
individuals (think history for HIV). Clinical features include systemic symptoms
like weight loss and fever, painful oral ulcers, lymphadenopathy, and
hepatosplenomegaly (H for H)
Majority of water reabsorption - ANS ✓occurs in the proximal convoluted
tubule, regardless of hydration status
Risperidone - ANS ✓An antipsychotic that is used for schizophrenia. It works by
inhibiting D2 Dopamine, which in turn leads to hyperprolactinemia as dopamine
can't supress it. This can lead to hypogonadism with the inhibition of GnRH form
the hypothalamus. In addition, hyperprolactinemia can lead to amenorrhea,
galactorrhea and breast soreness.
Combination oral contraceptives (OCPs) - ANS ✓inhibit ovulation by
decreasing synthesis of FSH and LH in the anterior pituitary. Their effects on
cervical mucus and endometrium play a minor role.
ACE Inhibitors - ANS ✓can cause angioedema rarely due to bradykinin build-up
(a potent vascular permeability chemical). Symptoms include tongue, eyelid and
lip swelling. Discontinue the ACE inhibitor, potentially serious.
Dermal atrophy - ANS ✓A topical steroid side effect if used for too long
Azoles - ANS ✓supress the synthesis of ergosterol (e), an essential component of
the fungal cell membrane. They also inhibit the activity of the CP450 and thus
drug-drug interactions.
HOSA Pharm
, 4
HOSA
corticosteroids (fluticasone) - ANS ✓Have the strongest and most predictable
effects on the inflammatory component of asthma. Inhaled corticosteroids form
the cornerstone of chronic therapy for patients with persistent asthma can
reduce the number and severity of acute asthma exacerbations.
Fibrates (Gemfibrozil) - ANS ✓are most effective in treating
hypertriglyceridemia (can cause acute pancreatitis)
Acetazolamide - ANS ✓a diuretic that works by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase
reactions necessary for NaHCO3 reabsorption in the proximal tubule. This results
in urinary bicarbonate wasting. Acetazolamide is also used for glaucoma to
relieve pressure.
Finasteride - ANS ✓a 5 alpha reductase inhibitor that suppresses peripheral
conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. It is used for treatment of
benign prostatic hyperplasia and androgenetic alopecia (baldness)
Metonidazole - ANS ✓interacts with alcohol causing acetaldehyde to accumulate
(like a disulfiram-like reaction when mixed with alcohol). It is often used to
treated trichomonas vaginitis and BV
Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia - ANS ✓can causes significant
potassium release and life-threatening arrhythmias in patients at high risk for
hyperkalemia, including those with burns, myopathies, crush injuries, and
denervating injuries or diseases. (because it activates to high degree the
acetylcholine receptor at the motor end plate- potassium can come out).
Drug-Induced Lupus erythematosus drugs - ANS ✓Hydralazine
Procainiamide
Isoniazid
Minocycline
Quinidine
Aortic Regurgitation - ANS ✓"Water-hammer" pulses (full and then collapses)
and head-bobbing with each heart beat (de Musset sign) are characteristic
findings of this murmur.
Bounding femoral pulses.
HOSA Pharm
