Module 2 - Animal Physiology
Question and answers verified to pass
2025
homeostasis - correct answer ✔maintenance of stable conditions
allostasis - correct answer ✔process that enables homeostasis (negative
feedback loop)
form and function - correct answer ✔the shape of an object and how it
relates to what it does. Form changes evolve over time as functions change.
ex: cheetah has thin legs for speed and lion has thick legs for power
allometric scaling - correct answer ✔how proportions differ (tinker with body
plan)
August Krogh model - correct answer ✔for every biological question there is
an organism on which it can be most conveniently
what are the levels of organization? - correct answer ✔atoms, compounds,
molecules, cell, tissue, organ, organ systems, organisms
hormones - correct answer ✔long distance chemical messengers (signals
travel through lymph or blood that act on tissues far away)
endocrine system - correct answer ✔all hormone-secreting cells of an
organism
,composed of endocrine/neuroendocrine glands that secrete
hormones/neurohormones into body fluids
local regulators - correct answer ✔These regulators influence cells in their
vicinity of them
never enter circulatory systen=m
pheromones - correct answer ✔they leave the organism and act at a
distance on another organism
odourless chemicals that serve as social signals to members of one's species
Nitric oxide (NO) - correct answer ✔acts as a neurotransmitter (by altering
synaptic function)
dilates capillaries
kills cancerous cells and bacteria
what are the three types of signalling strategies? - correct answer ✔1.
autocrine: self signalling
2. paracrine: signals affect nearby cells
3. endocrine: long-distance signaling by hormones
what are the four groups hormones are divided into based on their chemical
structure? - correct answer ✔1. amino acids
2. peptides
3. steroids
4. fatty acid
, amino acids: example, unique properties - correct answer ✔example:
dopamine adrenaline
unique properties: soluble in blood, plasma membrane receptors therefore,
made by enzyme
peptide hormones: example, unique properties - correct answer ✔example:
insulin
unique properties: coded by genes
steroids: example, unique properties - correct answer ✔(-one)
example: testosterONE
unique properties: lipid soluble, cytoplasmic receptors, carrier proteins in
blood
fatty acid: example, unique properties - correct answer ✔example: lipid
soluble juvenile hormone
unique properties: mostly in insects, made by enzymes
signal synthesis - correct answer ✔peptide hormones are synthesized as
inactive precursors (always there)
(pheromones require cleavage for activism + calcium in the cytoplasm to
trigger release)
signal transduction pathway - correct answer ✔when extracellular signals
produce one or more effects in the structure, function, or the gene expression
profile of the target cell
Question and answers verified to pass
2025
homeostasis - correct answer ✔maintenance of stable conditions
allostasis - correct answer ✔process that enables homeostasis (negative
feedback loop)
form and function - correct answer ✔the shape of an object and how it
relates to what it does. Form changes evolve over time as functions change.
ex: cheetah has thin legs for speed and lion has thick legs for power
allometric scaling - correct answer ✔how proportions differ (tinker with body
plan)
August Krogh model - correct answer ✔for every biological question there is
an organism on which it can be most conveniently
what are the levels of organization? - correct answer ✔atoms, compounds,
molecules, cell, tissue, organ, organ systems, organisms
hormones - correct answer ✔long distance chemical messengers (signals
travel through lymph or blood that act on tissues far away)
endocrine system - correct answer ✔all hormone-secreting cells of an
organism
,composed of endocrine/neuroendocrine glands that secrete
hormones/neurohormones into body fluids
local regulators - correct answer ✔These regulators influence cells in their
vicinity of them
never enter circulatory systen=m
pheromones - correct answer ✔they leave the organism and act at a
distance on another organism
odourless chemicals that serve as social signals to members of one's species
Nitric oxide (NO) - correct answer ✔acts as a neurotransmitter (by altering
synaptic function)
dilates capillaries
kills cancerous cells and bacteria
what are the three types of signalling strategies? - correct answer ✔1.
autocrine: self signalling
2. paracrine: signals affect nearby cells
3. endocrine: long-distance signaling by hormones
what are the four groups hormones are divided into based on their chemical
structure? - correct answer ✔1. amino acids
2. peptides
3. steroids
4. fatty acid
, amino acids: example, unique properties - correct answer ✔example:
dopamine adrenaline
unique properties: soluble in blood, plasma membrane receptors therefore,
made by enzyme
peptide hormones: example, unique properties - correct answer ✔example:
insulin
unique properties: coded by genes
steroids: example, unique properties - correct answer ✔(-one)
example: testosterONE
unique properties: lipid soluble, cytoplasmic receptors, carrier proteins in
blood
fatty acid: example, unique properties - correct answer ✔example: lipid
soluble juvenile hormone
unique properties: mostly in insects, made by enzymes
signal synthesis - correct answer ✔peptide hormones are synthesized as
inactive precursors (always there)
(pheromones require cleavage for activism + calcium in the cytoplasm to
trigger release)
signal transduction pathway - correct answer ✔when extracellular signals
produce one or more effects in the structure, function, or the gene expression
profile of the target cell
