MIDTERM EXAM :NR547 Best Questions and Verified Answers
( latest update 2024/2025)
1.Which of the following is a reversible cellular adaptation to stress?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Hypertrophy
D. Coagulative necrosis
Answer: C – Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is a reversible increase in cell size in response to increased workload.
2. What type of necrosis is most often associated with ischemia in the heart?
A. Caseous
B. Liquefactive
C. Coagulative
D. Fat
Answer: C – Coagulative
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis occurs when proteins denature due to hypoxia, common in
myocardial infarction.
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3. Which of the following best describes apoptosis?
A. Cell death due to external injury
B. Accidental and uncontrolled cell death
C. Programmed cell death
,D. Cell rupture from osmotic swelling
Answer: C – Programmed cell death
Rationale: Apoptosis is a normal, controlled process of cell self-destruction.
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4. Which cellular adaptation occurs in the uterine muscles during pregnancy?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: C – Hypertrophy
Rationale: The smooth muscle cells increase in size to accommodate the growing fetus.
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5. A smoker’s bronchial epithelium may transform into a different cell type. This is an
example of:
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Neoplasia
Answer: B – Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is the replacement of one type of mature cell with another.
,6. Which process is most associated with aging and DNA damage?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Necrosis
C. Apoptosis
D. Senescence
Answer: D – Senescence
Rationale: Cellular senescence is a permanent state of cell cycle arrest often related to aging.
7. Which type of cellular adaptation is typically seen in a uterus post-menopause?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
Answer: C – Atrophy
Rationale: Decreased hormonal stimulation causes reduction in cell size and number.
, 8. Which ion plays a critical role in cellular injury related to calcium influx?
A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Calcium
D. Magnesium
Answer: C – Calcium
Rationale: Intracellular calcium overload can activate enzymes that damage cell structures.
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9. Lipofuscin accumulation is typically seen in which condition?
A. Acute injury
B. Cancer
C. Aging cells
D. Inflammation
Answer: C – Aging cells
Rationale: Lipofuscin is a wear-and-tear pigment found in aging cells.
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10. What best describes ischemia?
A. Complete lack of oxygen in blood
( latest update 2024/2025)
1.Which of the following is a reversible cellular adaptation to stress?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Hypertrophy
D. Coagulative necrosis
Answer: C – Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is a reversible increase in cell size in response to increased workload.
2. What type of necrosis is most often associated with ischemia in the heart?
A. Caseous
B. Liquefactive
C. Coagulative
D. Fat
Answer: C – Coagulative
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis occurs when proteins denature due to hypoxia, common in
myocardial infarction.
---
3. Which of the following best describes apoptosis?
A. Cell death due to external injury
B. Accidental and uncontrolled cell death
C. Programmed cell death
,D. Cell rupture from osmotic swelling
Answer: C – Programmed cell death
Rationale: Apoptosis is a normal, controlled process of cell self-destruction.
---
4. Which cellular adaptation occurs in the uterine muscles during pregnancy?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: C – Hypertrophy
Rationale: The smooth muscle cells increase in size to accommodate the growing fetus.
---
5. A smoker’s bronchial epithelium may transform into a different cell type. This is an
example of:
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Neoplasia
Answer: B – Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is the replacement of one type of mature cell with another.
,6. Which process is most associated with aging and DNA damage?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Necrosis
C. Apoptosis
D. Senescence
Answer: D – Senescence
Rationale: Cellular senescence is a permanent state of cell cycle arrest often related to aging.
7. Which type of cellular adaptation is typically seen in a uterus post-menopause?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
Answer: C – Atrophy
Rationale: Decreased hormonal stimulation causes reduction in cell size and number.
, 8. Which ion plays a critical role in cellular injury related to calcium influx?
A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Calcium
D. Magnesium
Answer: C – Calcium
Rationale: Intracellular calcium overload can activate enzymes that damage cell structures.
---
9. Lipofuscin accumulation is typically seen in which condition?
A. Acute injury
B. Cancer
C. Aging cells
D. Inflammation
Answer: C – Aging cells
Rationale: Lipofuscin is a wear-and-tear pigment found in aging cells.
---
10. What best describes ischemia?
A. Complete lack of oxygen in blood
