PBSI 302 Final Exam questions n
answers graded A+
replicable - correct answer ✔✔reproducible, does NOT mean the study could be
HYPOTHETICALLY replicated, but that the RESULT has been repeated
direct replication (exact replication) - correct answer ✔✔the original study is repeated as closely
as possible to determine whether the original effect is found in the new data
conceptual replication - correct answer ✔✔researchers explore the same research question but
use different procedures. The conceptual variables in the study are the same, but the
procedures for operationalizing the variables are different
replication-plus-extension - correct answer ✔✔researchers replicate the original study but ADD
some variables to test ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
ex: original study IVS= laptop vs. longhand ---> added: eWriter and no notetaking
replication projects: one study, many labs - correct answer ✔✔multiple groups of scientists
work together to conduct replication studies, and several labs replicate a study at once
- ex: 17 labs tested the facial feedback hypothesis...
replication projects: many labs, many studies - correct answer ✔✔other replication projects
coordinate many labs around the world to replicate a variety of studies
scientific literature (aka literature): a series of _________ studies conducted by
________________ researchers who have tested ____________ variables - correct answer
✔✔a series of related studies conducted by different researchers who have tested similar
variables
,meta-analysis: a statistical analysis that yields a ______________ of a ______________ - correct
answer ✔✔quantitative summary ; scientific literature
file-drawer problem: a ____________ might overestimate the _____________ because
___________________ haven't been included in the analysis - correct answer ✔✔meta-analysis
; true effect size ; null effects (or opposite effects) ---> basically they didn't include
negative/questionable results in a study
questionable research practices (4) - correct answer ✔✔- underreporting of null findings
- using small samples
- harking
- p-Hacking
underreporting of null findings - correct answer ✔✔researchers mislead about the strength of
the evidence by not reporting conditions or measures that did not support the hypothesis
- the fix: open materials, in which all study materials are reported publicly
using small samples - correct answer ✔✔In a small sample, a few chance values can influence
the data set, so the study's estimate is imprecise and less replicable
- the fix: larger samples are now required and encouraged
p-Hacking - correct answer ✔✔researchers try many ways of analyzing their data, so the result
is more likely to be a fluke rather than a true, replicable pattern
- the fix: open data, full data sets are provided
HARKing - correct answer ✔✔The study reveals an unexpected result, but the researcher writes
about the study as if the result had been predicted all along
,- the fix: preregistration, where researchers publish the hypothesis and study design before the
data collection and analysis begin
ecological validity - correct answer ✔✔an aspect of external validity in which the focus is on
whether a laboratory study generalizes to real-world settings
cultural psychology - correct answer ✔✔a subdiscipline in psychology focusing on how cultural
contexts shape human thinking, feeling, and behavior
- most cultural psychologists tend to emphasize the generalization mode and they have
challenged researchers who operate exclusively in theory-testing mode
theory testing mode - correct answer ✔✔researchers are usually designing correlational or
experimental research to investigate support for a theory
- external validity is less important than internal validity
- basic research tends to be done in theory-testing mode (Harlow's monkey contact comfort
theory)
generalization mode: it is important to use ______________ because the primary concern is
_________ validity
- ____________ research tends to be done in generalization mode
- ____________ claims are always in generalization mode - correct answer ✔✔important to use
probability samples because the primary concern is external validity
- applied research
- frequency claims
, field setting : This is the _______________ ; it has ____________ validity (specifically,
______________ validity) - correct answer ✔✔This is the REAL WORLD; it has HIGH external
validity (specifically, high ecological validity)
experimental realism - correct answer ✔✔lab research can be just as realistic as research in the
real world (real tasks and real emotions)
The Belmont report (1976) was created to define the ethical guidelines that should be followed
by researchers in a variety of disciplines, including psychology. Three main principles for
conducting research: ____________, ____________, and _____________ - correct answer
✔✔respect for persons, beneficence, and justice
principle of respect for persons - correct answer ✔✔1) autonomous agents : informed consent
2) special consideration for those with less autonomy
--> recognize that people are autonomous agents. protect people's rights, including right to
privacy and consent and confidential participation
principle of beneficence - correct answer ✔✔- protection from harm : anonymous or
confidential study
- assessment of risks and benefits
--> treat people in ways that benefit them & do not cause suffering. conduct research that will
benefit society
principle of justice - correct answer ✔✔balance between people who participate and the
people who benefit
--> strive to treat all people fairly & sample participants from the same populations that will
benefit from research
answers graded A+
replicable - correct answer ✔✔reproducible, does NOT mean the study could be
HYPOTHETICALLY replicated, but that the RESULT has been repeated
direct replication (exact replication) - correct answer ✔✔the original study is repeated as closely
as possible to determine whether the original effect is found in the new data
conceptual replication - correct answer ✔✔researchers explore the same research question but
use different procedures. The conceptual variables in the study are the same, but the
procedures for operationalizing the variables are different
replication-plus-extension - correct answer ✔✔researchers replicate the original study but ADD
some variables to test ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
ex: original study IVS= laptop vs. longhand ---> added: eWriter and no notetaking
replication projects: one study, many labs - correct answer ✔✔multiple groups of scientists
work together to conduct replication studies, and several labs replicate a study at once
- ex: 17 labs tested the facial feedback hypothesis...
replication projects: many labs, many studies - correct answer ✔✔other replication projects
coordinate many labs around the world to replicate a variety of studies
scientific literature (aka literature): a series of _________ studies conducted by
________________ researchers who have tested ____________ variables - correct answer
✔✔a series of related studies conducted by different researchers who have tested similar
variables
,meta-analysis: a statistical analysis that yields a ______________ of a ______________ - correct
answer ✔✔quantitative summary ; scientific literature
file-drawer problem: a ____________ might overestimate the _____________ because
___________________ haven't been included in the analysis - correct answer ✔✔meta-analysis
; true effect size ; null effects (or opposite effects) ---> basically they didn't include
negative/questionable results in a study
questionable research practices (4) - correct answer ✔✔- underreporting of null findings
- using small samples
- harking
- p-Hacking
underreporting of null findings - correct answer ✔✔researchers mislead about the strength of
the evidence by not reporting conditions or measures that did not support the hypothesis
- the fix: open materials, in which all study materials are reported publicly
using small samples - correct answer ✔✔In a small sample, a few chance values can influence
the data set, so the study's estimate is imprecise and less replicable
- the fix: larger samples are now required and encouraged
p-Hacking - correct answer ✔✔researchers try many ways of analyzing their data, so the result
is more likely to be a fluke rather than a true, replicable pattern
- the fix: open data, full data sets are provided
HARKing - correct answer ✔✔The study reveals an unexpected result, but the researcher writes
about the study as if the result had been predicted all along
,- the fix: preregistration, where researchers publish the hypothesis and study design before the
data collection and analysis begin
ecological validity - correct answer ✔✔an aspect of external validity in which the focus is on
whether a laboratory study generalizes to real-world settings
cultural psychology - correct answer ✔✔a subdiscipline in psychology focusing on how cultural
contexts shape human thinking, feeling, and behavior
- most cultural psychologists tend to emphasize the generalization mode and they have
challenged researchers who operate exclusively in theory-testing mode
theory testing mode - correct answer ✔✔researchers are usually designing correlational or
experimental research to investigate support for a theory
- external validity is less important than internal validity
- basic research tends to be done in theory-testing mode (Harlow's monkey contact comfort
theory)
generalization mode: it is important to use ______________ because the primary concern is
_________ validity
- ____________ research tends to be done in generalization mode
- ____________ claims are always in generalization mode - correct answer ✔✔important to use
probability samples because the primary concern is external validity
- applied research
- frequency claims
, field setting : This is the _______________ ; it has ____________ validity (specifically,
______________ validity) - correct answer ✔✔This is the REAL WORLD; it has HIGH external
validity (specifically, high ecological validity)
experimental realism - correct answer ✔✔lab research can be just as realistic as research in the
real world (real tasks and real emotions)
The Belmont report (1976) was created to define the ethical guidelines that should be followed
by researchers in a variety of disciplines, including psychology. Three main principles for
conducting research: ____________, ____________, and _____________ - correct answer
✔✔respect for persons, beneficence, and justice
principle of respect for persons - correct answer ✔✔1) autonomous agents : informed consent
2) special consideration for those with less autonomy
--> recognize that people are autonomous agents. protect people's rights, including right to
privacy and consent and confidential participation
principle of beneficence - correct answer ✔✔- protection from harm : anonymous or
confidential study
- assessment of risks and benefits
--> treat people in ways that benefit them & do not cause suffering. conduct research that will
benefit society
principle of justice - correct answer ✔✔balance between people who participate and the
people who benefit
--> strive to treat all people fairly & sample participants from the same populations that will
benefit from research
