AQA PSYCHOLOGY A-LEVEL PAPER 2 GUIDE/COPMREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED/NEWEST UPDATE

AQA PSYCHOLOGY A-LEVEL PAPER 2
GUIDE/COPMREHENSIVE STUDY
GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
100% VERIFIED/NEWEST UPDATE

Wilhelm20Wundt20-20ans--20First20Psychologist
-20First20Lab20in20Germany
-20Experimental20Conditions
-20Structuralism20and20Introspection

Introspection20-20ans-
Person20Gains20knowledge20about20their20mental20state20by20examining20their20conscious20t
houghts20and20feelings

Empiricism20-20ans-
Knowledge20is20derived20from20sensory20experience,20characterised20by20the20use20of20the20
scientific20method

Scientific20Method20-20ans-The20investigative20methods20that20are:
-20Objective
-20Systematic
-20Reliable

Evaluation20of20Wundt20-20ans--20methods20were20unreliable20as20it20relied20on20non-
observable
-
20Introspection20is20not20accurate20because20people20are20often20unaware20of20are20behaviou

rs

Evaluation20of20the20Scientific20Approach20-20ans--20its20objective20and20systematic
-20Rely20on20determinism
-20Self20corrective

-20Create20non-naturalistic20environments
-20Human20behaviour20is20not20always20observable20to20the20rules20of20science

Classical20Conditioning20-20ans-Pavlov20-
20When20a20neutral20stimulus20is20consistently20paired20with20an20unconditional20stimulus20so

,20that20it20takes20on20the20properties20on20the20stimulus20and20is20able20to20produced20a20condi
tioned20response

Classical20Conditioning20steps20-20ans-UCS20->20UCR
NS20->20No20Response

UCS+NS20->20UCR

CS20->20CR

Features20of20CC20-20ans--
20If20time20interval20is20too20great20between20conditioning20it20does20not20work

-20CR20will20become20extinct20in20the20absence20of20the20UCS20after20a20while
-20If20extinct20and20paired20again20they20pair20more20quickly20(Spontaneous20Recovery)
-20Stimulus20generalisation,20CR20is20created20to20things20similar20to20CS

Operant20Conditioning20-20ans-Skinner20-
20Learning20through20reinforcement20or20punishment,20a20behaviour20is20more20likely20if20follo

wed20by20a20desirable20concequence

Positive20Reinforcement20-20ans-Behaviour20Produces20a20response20that20is20desirable

Negative20Reinforcement20-20ans-Doing20something20to20stop20unpleasant20response

Reinforcement20-20ans-Strengthening20a20response

Punishment20-20ans-An20unpleasant20consequence20following20a20behaviour

Features20of20Classical20Conditioning20-20ans--
20Scheduling20reinforcement20makes20it20stronger

-20Punishment

Evaluation20of20Classical20Conditioning20-20ans--20Applications20in20treatment20of20phobias
-
20Animal20Research20cannot20be20generalised20to20humans20because20they20have20different2

0needs20to20learn



Evaluation20of20Operant20Conditioning20-20ans--20Use20of20experimental20method
-20Animal20Research20cannot20be20generalised20to20humans

Modelling20-20ans-Individuals20learn20behaviour20be20observing20others

Imitation20-20ans-Copying20a20models20behaviour

,Identification20-20ans-
Individual20adopts20attitudes20and20behaviours20of20a20model20because20they20want20to20be20l
ike20them

Vicarious20Reinforcement20-20ans-
Individuals20learn20about20the20likely20consequences20by20observing20a20model's20experienc
es20and20adjust20their20behaviour20to20obtain20the20same20experience

The20Role20of20the20meditational20Processes20-20ans-
Observer20forms20a20mental20representation20pf20the20behaviour20displayed20of20the20model2
0and20the20probable20consequences20it20will20also20happen20to20them



Evaluation20of20Social20Learning20Theory20-20ans--20Applications20in20human20behaviour
-20research20support20(Bandura)

-
20Problems20with20causality,20it20may20not20be20observing20but20rather20people20already20hav
e20this20a20try20to20find20people20similar
-20Approach20disregards20other20potential20influences20like20gender

Bandura20Procedures20-20ans-
Children20were20exposed20to20aggressive20or20non20aggressive20models20interacting20with20
a20bobo20doll

Bandura20Findings20-20ans-
Children20who20had20aggressive20models20were20aggressive20to20the20doll
Children20who20had20non-aggressive20models20were20not20aggressive20to20the20doll

Cognitive20-20ans-
Refers20to20mental20processes20such20as20perception,20memory20and20reasoning

Schema20-20ans-
A20cognitive20framework20that20helps20us20organise20and20interpret20information

Why20are20Schemas20useful?20-20ans-
They20help20us20make20sense20of20new20information20by20filling20in20gaps

Theoretical20Models20-20ans-
Pictorial20representations20of20cognitive20processes20based20on20research20evidence

Computer20Model20-20ans-
Computer20analogy20of20input20process20storage20output20to20represent20the20human20cognit
ive

, Cognitive20Neuroscience20-20ans-non-
invasive20imaging20techniques20such20as20PET20and20fMRI20scans20to20help20psychologists20
understand20how20the20brain20works

PET20-20ans-Positron20emission20tomography

fMRI20-20ans-Functional20Magnetic20Resonance20imaging

Evaluation20of20the20Cognitive20Approach20-20ans--
20Applications20in20social20cognition,20dysfunctional20behaviour

-20Scientific

-
20Computer20models20are20to20simplistic20for20a20human20mind,20and20at20the20same20time20su
ggest20that20we20never20forget20or20never20make20mistakes
-20ignores20emotion20and20motivation20(tells20us20how20not20why)
-20Lack20ecological20validity

Biological20Approach20-20ans-
Views20humans20as20biological20organisms20and20provides20biological20explanations20for20al
l20psychological20functioning

Genes20-20ans-A20part20of20the20chromosome20that20carries20genetic20information

Genotype20-20ans-The20genetic20make-up20of20an20individual

Phenotype20-20ans-The20observable20characteristics20of20an20individual

Evolution20-20ans-Change20is20genetic20make-up20of20a20population20over20time

NeuroChemistry20-20ans-
How20chemical20and20neural20processes20associate20with20the20nervous20system

Nervous20System20-20ans-
Central20Nervous20System20(brain20and20spinal20cord)20and20the20Peripheral20Nervous20Syst
em20(somatic20and20autonomous20systems)

carries20impulses20around20the20body

The20Brain20-20ans-Co-ordinates20the20functioning20of20the20body

Frontal20Lobes20-20ans-Functions20like20speech,20though20and20learning

Parietal20Lobes20-20ans-
Processes20sensory20information20like20touch,20temperature20and20pain