BIO 201- Exam 1- Ch. 1-6- Rio Salado
*Chapter 1* - answer
Principle of Complementarity - answer The function of the body reflects the anatomical
structures
Levels of Organization that make up the human body - answer1. Chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Organ System
6. Organismal
Chemical - answer Atoms combine to form molecules
Cellular - answer Cells are made of molecules
Tissue - answerConsist of similar types of cells with a common function
Organ - answerMade up of different types of tissue
Organ System - answerDifferent organs that work together
Organismal - answerThe human is made up of different types of organ systems
List the 11 organ systems - answerIntegumentary system, Skeletal system, Muscular
system, Nervous System, Endocrine system, Cardiovascular system, Lymphatic
system/immunity, Respiratory system, Digestive system, Urinary system, Male/Female
Reproductive system
Integumentary system - answerHair, skin and nails. Sweat and oil glands. Synthesizes
vitamin D. Protects deeper tissues from damage. Site of cutaneous receptors (pain,
pressure, etc).
Skeletal system - answerProtects and supports body organs, stores minerals, provides
a framework for muscles to use for movements, and blood cells are formed within bone.
Muscular System - answerAllows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, facial
expression, and produces heat.
Nervous system - answercontrol system of the body- responds to external and internal
changes by activating the right muscles and glands.
, Endocrine system - answersecretes hormones that regulate growth process and
nutrient usage by body cells.
Cardiovascular system - answerpumps blood; blood vessels transport blood which
contains carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, etc.
Lymphatic system - answerImmunity; picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and
returns it to the blood, disposes of debri in the lymphatic vessels, houses white blood
cells (lymphocytes) for immunity.
Respiratory system - answerKeeps blood constantly oxygenated and removes carbon
dioxide, and gaseous exchanges occur in the walls of air sacs within the lungs.
Digestive System - answerBreaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood
for distribution to body cells.
Urinary System - answerEliminates nitrogenous waste from body; regulates water,
electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.
Reproductive System - answerProduction of offspring
Positive Feedback mechanisms - answerPositive feedback is when a system tends to
increase output. The product of a reaction influences or increases the forward direction
of the system: in positive feedback systems the presence of a product (or signal) results
in an increase in the production (amplification) of that product (or signal).
Positive feedback example:
One common example of positive feedback is the network effect, where more people
are encouraged to join a network the larger that network becomes. The result is that the
network grows more and more quickly over time.
Negative feedback mechanisms - answerNegative feedback is when a system tends to
reduce output or the product prevent the reaction from continuing: negative feedback (or
feedback inhibition) systems, where the presence of a product of the system results in a
decrease in the production of that product.
Negative feedback example:
* Neurons in the hypothalamus secrete thyroid releasing hormone (TRH), which
stimulates cells in the anterior pituitary to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
* TSH binds to receptors on epithelial cells in the thyroid gland, stimulating synthesis
and secretion of thyroid hormones, which affect probably all cells in the body.
* When blood concentrations of thyroid hormones increase above a certain threshold,
TRH-secreting neurons in the hypothalamus are inhibited and stop secreting TRH. This
is an example of "negative feedback".
*Chapter 1* - answer
Principle of Complementarity - answer The function of the body reflects the anatomical
structures
Levels of Organization that make up the human body - answer1. Chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Organ System
6. Organismal
Chemical - answer Atoms combine to form molecules
Cellular - answer Cells are made of molecules
Tissue - answerConsist of similar types of cells with a common function
Organ - answerMade up of different types of tissue
Organ System - answerDifferent organs that work together
Organismal - answerThe human is made up of different types of organ systems
List the 11 organ systems - answerIntegumentary system, Skeletal system, Muscular
system, Nervous System, Endocrine system, Cardiovascular system, Lymphatic
system/immunity, Respiratory system, Digestive system, Urinary system, Male/Female
Reproductive system
Integumentary system - answerHair, skin and nails. Sweat and oil glands. Synthesizes
vitamin D. Protects deeper tissues from damage. Site of cutaneous receptors (pain,
pressure, etc).
Skeletal system - answerProtects and supports body organs, stores minerals, provides
a framework for muscles to use for movements, and blood cells are formed within bone.
Muscular System - answerAllows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, facial
expression, and produces heat.
Nervous system - answercontrol system of the body- responds to external and internal
changes by activating the right muscles and glands.
, Endocrine system - answersecretes hormones that regulate growth process and
nutrient usage by body cells.
Cardiovascular system - answerpumps blood; blood vessels transport blood which
contains carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, etc.
Lymphatic system - answerImmunity; picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and
returns it to the blood, disposes of debri in the lymphatic vessels, houses white blood
cells (lymphocytes) for immunity.
Respiratory system - answerKeeps blood constantly oxygenated and removes carbon
dioxide, and gaseous exchanges occur in the walls of air sacs within the lungs.
Digestive System - answerBreaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood
for distribution to body cells.
Urinary System - answerEliminates nitrogenous waste from body; regulates water,
electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.
Reproductive System - answerProduction of offspring
Positive Feedback mechanisms - answerPositive feedback is when a system tends to
increase output. The product of a reaction influences or increases the forward direction
of the system: in positive feedback systems the presence of a product (or signal) results
in an increase in the production (amplification) of that product (or signal).
Positive feedback example:
One common example of positive feedback is the network effect, where more people
are encouraged to join a network the larger that network becomes. The result is that the
network grows more and more quickly over time.
Negative feedback mechanisms - answerNegative feedback is when a system tends to
reduce output or the product prevent the reaction from continuing: negative feedback (or
feedback inhibition) systems, where the presence of a product of the system results in a
decrease in the production of that product.
Negative feedback example:
* Neurons in the hypothalamus secrete thyroid releasing hormone (TRH), which
stimulates cells in the anterior pituitary to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
* TSH binds to receptors on epithelial cells in the thyroid gland, stimulating synthesis
and secretion of thyroid hormones, which affect probably all cells in the body.
* When blood concentrations of thyroid hormones increase above a certain threshold,
TRH-secreting neurons in the hypothalamus are inhibited and stop secreting TRH. This
is an example of "negative feedback".
