Pathophysiology Exam 10 2025 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+
PROFESSOR VERIFIED
1. Describe the trends in number of diabetes diagnoses since the 1990s: - as
obesity trend increases, diabetes trend increases almost at the same exact rate
(increased DM has paralleled obesity increase)
-due to sedentary lifestyle, polygenic disorder, environmental factors
- in the US over 30 million people are affected
- 10% with T1DM and 90% with T2DM
2. Describe the role of insulin in carbohydrate metabolism and making
glucose usable for the body: - insulin helps move glucose from the blood into the
cells (specifically muscle cells)
-promotes the storage of excess glucose as glycogen in the liver
- produced by beta cells of islets of langerhans in pancreas
- After eating: synchronous rise and fall of glucose and insulin
1/9
, 3. Identify 3 things that can happen to glucose after absorption into the
cells: Used for energy stored as glycogen (in liver) converted to component
of lipid molecules
4. glycogenesis: - glycogen formation
- primarily in liver and muscle (stored)
5. glycogenolysis: - glycogen enzymatic breakdown (glucagon and epinephrine
do this)
- occurs when blood glucose falls and body needs energy
-glycogen breakdown
6. gluconeogenesis: - creation of new glucose
- happens when body breaks down fat stores and converts them to glucose
- amino acids and glycerol of lipids converted to glucose (fatty acids remain)
7. Explain how ketones develop: - by product of when gluconeogenesis occurs,
fat is broken down, and fatty acids remain
- fatty acids remain as lipids (converted to ketones; accumulation of ketones may
lead to DKA)
-fruity odor: breathe, saliva, sweat
- ketoacids are more concerning than ketones eventually ketabolic acidosis
8. Identify the consequences of prolonged starvation and explain how DKA
can be similar to starvation:
1. insufficient intake of glucose
2. hypoglycemia
3. body cells sense starvation
4. liver begins to break down glycogen into glucose; glucose from
the liver increases in bloodstream
2/9
CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+
PROFESSOR VERIFIED
1. Describe the trends in number of diabetes diagnoses since the 1990s: - as
obesity trend increases, diabetes trend increases almost at the same exact rate
(increased DM has paralleled obesity increase)
-due to sedentary lifestyle, polygenic disorder, environmental factors
- in the US over 30 million people are affected
- 10% with T1DM and 90% with T2DM
2. Describe the role of insulin in carbohydrate metabolism and making
glucose usable for the body: - insulin helps move glucose from the blood into the
cells (specifically muscle cells)
-promotes the storage of excess glucose as glycogen in the liver
- produced by beta cells of islets of langerhans in pancreas
- After eating: synchronous rise and fall of glucose and insulin
1/9
, 3. Identify 3 things that can happen to glucose after absorption into the
cells: Used for energy stored as glycogen (in liver) converted to component
of lipid molecules
4. glycogenesis: - glycogen formation
- primarily in liver and muscle (stored)
5. glycogenolysis: - glycogen enzymatic breakdown (glucagon and epinephrine
do this)
- occurs when blood glucose falls and body needs energy
-glycogen breakdown
6. gluconeogenesis: - creation of new glucose
- happens when body breaks down fat stores and converts them to glucose
- amino acids and glycerol of lipids converted to glucose (fatty acids remain)
7. Explain how ketones develop: - by product of when gluconeogenesis occurs,
fat is broken down, and fatty acids remain
- fatty acids remain as lipids (converted to ketones; accumulation of ketones may
lead to DKA)
-fruity odor: breathe, saliva, sweat
- ketoacids are more concerning than ketones eventually ketabolic acidosis
8. Identify the consequences of prolonged starvation and explain how DKA
can be similar to starvation:
1. insufficient intake of glucose
2. hypoglycemia
3. body cells sense starvation
4. liver begins to break down glycogen into glucose; glucose from
the liver increases in bloodstream
2/9
